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Y1 Nutrition & metabolism > Energy > Flashcards

Energy Flashcards

1
Q

Turnover explained

A
  • Molecules constantly used (degraded) and restored (synthesized)
  • Catabolism & anabolism process eg energy turnover
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2
Q

Energy currency of cells

A

ATP - adenosine triphosphate (24kj per mol atp)
GTP - guanosine triphosphate
UTP - uridine triphosphate

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3
Q

ATP breakdown process

A
  • Done w/ ATPases releases energy (is a hydrolysis reaction)
  • energy used for cellular processes
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4
Q

ATP equation

A

ATP + H20 –> (ATPase) –> ADP + P + Energy

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5
Q

ATP homeostatsis

A
  • Maintenance of constant intracellular ATP level
  • degradation and resynthesise at equal rates
  • energy from food used to reform ATP to then produce more
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6
Q

3 activity levels

A

Power - 3 secs, immediate, atp, pcr anaerobic
Speed - 60 secs, rapid, msc glycogen & glucose anaerobic
Endurance - > 2min, prolonged, glycogen, glucose, lipid aerobic

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7
Q

Rates of ATP use in exercise

A

Jogging (50% vo2 max) = 1 (mmol ATP/kg dm/s)
Running (100%) = 2
Sprinting (180%) = 3.6
maximal isometric contraction = 12

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8
Q

ATP supply from different sources - ATP

A

Concentration (mmol/kg) - 24
Max resynthesise rate (mmol/s) - n/a
Time to depletion - 2s

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9
Q

ATP supply from different sources - PCR

A

Concentration - 80
Max resynthesise rate - 9
Time to depletion - 8s

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10
Q

ATP supply from different sources - Glycogen -> lactate

A

Concentration - 300
Max resynthesise rate - 4.5
Time to depletion - 6 min

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11
Q

ATP supply from different sources - Glycogen -> Co2 + H20

A

Concentration - 300
Max resynthesise rate - 2
Time to depletion - 100 min

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12
Q

ATP supply from different sources - Fat

A

Concentration - Large
Max resynthesise rate - 1
Time to depletion - days

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13
Q

PCr reaction + explanation

A

PCr + ADP –> (Creatine kinase) –> ATP + Cr

  • High energy phosphorylated compound provides reserve energy to regen ATP (PCr -> Cr + Pi + energy) then (Pi + ADP + energy = ATP)
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14
Q

Myokinase reaction + explanation

A

2ADP -> ATP + AMP

  • converts ADP back to ATP and makes AMP, only relevant in high intensity exercise
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15
Q

ATP, ADP, AMP concentration roles

A
  • ATP conc are poor signals for metabolic control AMP conc are powerful signals
  • AMP presence activates ADP restoration to ATP
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16
Q

Importance of graph analysis of energy systems

A
  • ATP doesn’t change much

- AMP does change a lot so is a good regulator for exercise

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17
Q

Energy charge equation

A

Energy charge = [ATP] + 0.5[ADP] / [ATP] + [ADP] + [AMP]

Energy charge = how much potential energy is in the cell

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18
Q

Energy charge values

A

1 = maximum, meaning all adenylates are in ATP
Average is 0.90-0.95
0 = all ATP hydrolysed to AMP

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19
Q

AMP deamination

A

AMP is deaminated (AMP deaminase) to IMP to prevent build up and subsequent reduction in energy charge
Overall = ^ energy charge & continued contraction

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20
Q

IMP destiny

A

IMP -> inosine -> Hypoxanthine (then leaves muscle = loss of potential energy (bad))
Or turn it back into AMP using GTP which is better

21
Q

Integration of pathways theory

A

Old concept - systems used one after the other

New concept - overlap of all systems dependant on length of exercise (ATP, PCr, Anaerobic, Aerobic order)

22
Q

Power output in Wingate test

A

23-28% PCr
49-56% Glycolysis
16-18% Oxidative metabolism

23
Q

Fuel and energy source differences

A
  • Fuel sources (PCr, CHO) can be depleted energy sources (ATP) cant
24
Q

Energy expenditure (3) & efficiency

A

Mechanical, Electrical, Heat

  • 15-20% efficient
25
Q

Gross efficiency

A

(Work accomplished / energy expended) x 100

26
Q

Net efficiency

REE = resting energy expended

A

(Work accomplished / energy expended - REE) x100

27
Q

Work efficiency

A

(Work accomplished / energy expended - EE unloaded) x 100

28
Q

Delta efficiency

A

(change in work accomplished / change in EE) x 100

29
Q

Energy values of food

A

Lipid - 9.45 kcal per gram
CHO - 4.3
Protein - 5.65
Alcohol - 7

30
Q

Energy content & % digestibility

A

Lipid - 95% = 9 kcal
CHO - 97% = 4
Protein - 92% = 4
Alcohol - 100% = 7

31
Q

Energy balance (in/out)

A

In - Food (Lipid, CHO, Protein), Alcohol

Out - Basal metabolism 60-75%, Thermogenesis 10%, PA, 15-30%

32
Q

Energy balance & body weight

A

Total daily energy intake (TDEI) = Total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) = stable weight
TDEI > TDEE = weight gain
TDEI < TDEE = weight loss

33
Q

Components of energy expenditure

A

PA (physical activity) (highly variable)
BMR (basal metabolic rate)
TEF (thermic effect of food)

34
Q

energy expenditure during rest

A 
Skeletal muscle - 18%
Liver - 27%
Brain - 19%
Heart - 7%
Kidney - 10%
35
Q

Measuring energy expenditure - Direct calorimetry chamber

A
  • small insulated chamber
  • change of water of temp in pipes from heat given off gives energy used
  • air filtered & analysed
  • expensive, needs specialists & boring
36
Q

Measuring energy expenditure - Respiration chamber

A
  • no heat exchange, just measuring gas changes
  • control what goes in and out of box
  • expensive, needs specialists & boring
37
Q

Measuring energy expenditure - Douglas bag/ breath by breath systems

A
  • measuring a gas sample, use equations to work out energy expenditure
38
Q

gas collection to energy expenditure equation

A

1L O2 = 5kcal

0.25L O2 per min x 60 (an hour) = 75 kcal burned

39
Q

Indirect calorimetry calculations (other methods)

A
  • Heart rate (fitbit ect) (inaccurate)
  • Accelerometers ( potentially inaccurate but can be used by specialist)
  • Questionnaires (relying on honestly & recall)
40
Q

Doubly labelled water (has a heavy hydrogen & oxygen)

A
  • allows heavy isotopes to be traced
  • Isotopes excreted
  • CO2 production = difference in H & O isotope excretion
    More O = ^ EE (in free living)
    very expensive
41
Q

Energy cost of different activities

A 
V light activities - 3-5 (min energy cost kcal
light - 5-7
moderate - 7-9
strenuous - 9-13
V strenuous - >13
42
Q

Energy cost of running

A

1 kcal per kg BM per km

Distance & BM determine kcal burned

43
Q

Upper limit of energy expenditure

A

9000 - 11000 kcal per day

44
Q

Low energy intake in some atheletes

A
  • V low intake despite training
  • low EI = decrease TEF % RMR
  • negative energy balance = reduced RMR (food efficiency)
45
Q

Lower limits of energy intake

A
  • 1000-1500 kcal a day (w/ exercise)
  • loss of muscle
  • anaemia
  • decrease BM
  • low bone mineral density
  • secondary amenorrhea
46
Q

Energy intake collection methods - 24h recall

A
  • remember everything from last day (hard)

- trained interviewer needed

47
Q

Energy intake collection methods - food dairies

A
  • 3/7 days
  • weighed or not
  • write everything
  • clear instructions
48
Q

Energy intake collection methods - food frequency quetionnaire

A
  • not used for accurate measuring
  • wider population (larger data pool)
  • how often do you eat certain foods
49
Q

Energy intake collection methods - Diet history

A
  • general

- what have you eaten in the past

Y1 Nutrition & metabolism (11 decks)

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