Immune System Flashcards
able to distinguish the harmless and harmful organisms and deal with it without posing risk to the organism.
immune system
The collective and coordinated process performed by immune system upon the introduction of foreign bodies
immune response
refers to the protection of the body from infectious diseases reaction to
foreign substances.
Immunity
first line of defense
Skin, hair, cilia Mucus membrane Chemical Secretion Digestive Enzyme Stomach Acid
second line of defense
Inflammatory response
Complement proteins
Phagocytic cells
Natural killer (NK) Cells
third line of defense
Antibodies and the humoral
immune response
Cell-mediated immune response
Memory response
innate/natural immune system
first line of defense
second line of defense
specific/adaptive immune system
third line of defense
accounting for 15% of your body weight
skin
provides a nearly impenetrable barrier
that help against the entry of microorganisms.
dead skin layers
Biochemical defense help to counteract the invasion.
mucus membrane
an enzyme in saliva, tears, and nasal secretion
lysozyme
helps break down bacterial cell walls.
lysozyme
chemical defense that covers respiratory tract and
digestive tract, secreted and acts as a
protective barriers that blocks the bacteria from sticking to the inner epithelial cells.
mucus
hair-like structure that traps pathogens from entering the breathing pathway.
cilia
microbes that enter the digestive tract will destroyed by chemical defense in the form of
hydrochloric acid secreted in the stomach.
digestive enzymes
usual defense mechanisms to get rid
of toxins when invaders enter the digestive system.
diarrhea and vomiting
the successful invasion of a pathogenic organism inside the body
infection
Secondary circulatory system, it recycle and collect fluids that leaked from circulatory system and it
fights bacterial and viral infections.
lymphatic system
the parts of lymphatic system
network of lymphatic vessels/organs, nodes and tiny
bean structure, called lymph nodes
store cells used in immune response.
lymph nodes
Once the
leaked fluid passes by diffusion into the lymphatic vessels, it is called ________
lymph
nodes are filled with white blood cells, fight off infections.
lymphocytes
are large, irregular WBCs that patrol and ingest microorganisms through phagocytosis.
Monocytes, the largest WBC, differentiate into macrophages.
macrophages
most abundant WBCs. They engulf and release disinfecting chemical that kills not
only the bacteria but also the neighboring neutrophils.
neutrophils
cells that do not attack the microbes directly. They only kill infected cells
by puncturing a hole into cell membrane of target cell. Proteins, called perforins, are release by the NK
cells causing the cells to swell and burst. Aside from infected cells they also attack cancer cells before
they even form tumor.
natural killer
are phagocytes that process and alert the adaptive immune system (Lymphocyte)
when an antigen is present. They act as messengers between the innate and adaptive immune system.
dendritic cells
granular WBCs with enzymes that target parasitic worms.
eosinophils
granular WBCs that contain histamines that causes inflammation
during responses and allergic reactions.
basophils and mast cells
WBCs that are responsible for specific immunities.
lymphocytes
A foreign substance, such toxins or body part of a pathogens that can trigger an immune response,
antigen
receptor signaling protein that is secreted by macrophages that bind to an antigen.
Signaling protein can attract more neutrophil and dendritic cells on the infection site.
cytokines
antiviral protein that is released by virus-infected cell to interfere with viral replication.
Infected cell will die in hope of saving the rest of cells.
interferon
the process of cell death
apoptosis
regulatory protein that signals the brain to increase overall body temperature.
Interleukin -1-
The infected or damaged cells will release large amount of chemical signals
histamines and prostaglandins,
highly evolved defense mechanism characterized by
specialization, specificity, and memory.
(T-cells) mature in thymus gland, help in the cellular immunity or cell-mediated
immune response. It attack infected cells.
T- Lymphocytes
(B-cells) mature in the bone marrow, direct antibody immunity or humoral immune response. It secrete antibodies.
B- Lymphocytes
are specialized proteins that circulate in blood plasma and lymph, which recognize pathogens
(serve as marker)
Antibodies
Inhibitory Effect of Antibodies
a. Neutralization
b. Opsonization
c. Component Activation
prevent a virus or toxic protein from binding their target.
Neutralization
a pathogen tagged by antibodies is consumed by macrophage or neutrophil.
Opsonization
attached to surface of a pathogen cell activate the complement system.
Complement Activation:
types of antibodies
IgA (Immunoglobin alpha) IgD (Immunoglobin Delta) IgE (Immunoglobin Epsilon) IgG (Immunoglubin Gamma) IgM (Immunoglubin Mu)
