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BIOLOGY > Immune System > Flashcards

Immune System Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

able to distinguish the harmless and harmful organisms and deal with it without posing risk to the organism.

A

immune system

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2
Q

The collective and coordinated process performed by immune system upon the introduction of foreign bodies

A

immune response

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3
Q

refers to the protection of the body from infectious diseases reaction to
foreign substances.

A

Immunity

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4
Q

first line of defense

A 
Skin, hair, cilia
Mucus membrane
Chemical Secretion
Digestive Enzyme
Stomach Acid
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5
Q

second line of defense

A

Inflammatory response
Complement proteins
Phagocytic cells
Natural killer (NK) Cells

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6
Q

third line of defense

A

Antibodies and the humoral
immune response
Cell-mediated immune response
Memory response

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7
Q

innate/natural immune system

A

first line of defense

second line of defense

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8
Q

specific/adaptive immune system

A

third line of defense

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9
Q

accounting for 15% of your body weight

A

skin

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10
Q

provides a nearly impenetrable barrier

that help against the entry of microorganisms.

A

dead skin layers

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11
Q

Biochemical defense help to counteract the invasion.

A

mucus membrane

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12
Q

an enzyme in saliva, tears, and nasal secretion

A

lysozyme

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13
Q

helps break down bacterial cell walls.

A

lysozyme

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14
Q

chemical defense that covers respiratory tract and
digestive tract, secreted and acts as a
protective barriers that blocks the bacteria from sticking to the inner epithelial cells.

A

mucus

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15
Q

hair-like structure that traps pathogens from entering the breathing pathway.

A

cilia

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16
Q

microbes that enter the digestive tract will destroyed by chemical defense in the form of
hydrochloric acid secreted in the stomach.

A

digestive enzymes

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17
Q

usual defense mechanisms to get rid

of toxins when invaders enter the digestive system.

A

diarrhea and vomiting

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18
Q

the successful invasion of a pathogenic organism inside the body

A

infection

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19
Q

Secondary circulatory system, it recycle and collect fluids that leaked from circulatory system and it
fights bacterial and viral infections.

A

lymphatic system

20
Q

the parts of lymphatic system

A

network of lymphatic vessels/organs, nodes and tiny

bean structure, called lymph nodes

21
Q

store cells used in immune response.

A

lymph nodes

22
Q

Once the

leaked fluid passes by diffusion into the lymphatic vessels, it is called ________

A

lymph

23
Q

nodes are filled with white blood cells, fight off infections.

A

lymphocytes

24
Q

are large, irregular WBCs that patrol and ingest microorganisms through phagocytosis.
Monocytes, the largest WBC, differentiate into macrophages.

A

macrophages

25
Q

most abundant WBCs. They engulf and release disinfecting chemical that kills not
only the bacteria but also the neighboring neutrophils.

A

neutrophils

26
Q

cells that do not attack the microbes directly. They only kill infected cells
by puncturing a hole into cell membrane of target cell. Proteins, called perforins, are release by the NK
cells causing the cells to swell and burst. Aside from infected cells they also attack cancer cells before
they even form tumor.

A

natural killer

27
Q

are phagocytes that process and alert the adaptive immune system (Lymphocyte)
when an antigen is present. They act as messengers between the innate and adaptive immune system.

A

dendritic cells

28
Q

granular WBCs with enzymes that target parasitic worms.

A

eosinophils

29
Q

granular WBCs that contain histamines that causes inflammation
during responses and allergic reactions.

A

basophils and mast cells

30
Q

WBCs that are responsible for specific immunities.

A

lymphocytes

31
Q

A foreign substance, such toxins or body part of a pathogens that can trigger an immune response,

A

antigen

32
Q

receptor signaling protein that is secreted by macrophages that bind to an antigen.
Signaling protein can attract more neutrophil and dendritic cells on the infection site.

A

cytokines

33
Q

antiviral protein that is released by virus-infected cell to interfere with viral replication.
Infected cell will die in hope of saving the rest of cells.

A

interferon

34
Q

the process of cell death

A

apoptosis

35
Q

regulatory protein that signals the brain to increase overall body temperature.

A

Interleukin -1-

36
Q

The infected or damaged cells will release large amount of chemical signals

A

histamines and prostaglandins,

37
Q

highly evolved defense mechanism characterized by

A

specialization, specificity, and memory.

38
Q

(T-cells) mature in thymus gland, help in the cellular immunity or cell-mediated
immune response. It attack infected cells.

A

T- Lymphocytes

39
Q

(B-cells) mature in the bone marrow, direct antibody immunity or humoral immune response. It secrete antibodies.

A

B- Lymphocytes

40
Q

are specialized proteins that circulate in blood plasma and lymph, which recognize pathogens
(serve as marker)

A

Antibodies

41
Q

Inhibitory Effect of Antibodies

A

a. Neutralization
b. Opsonization
c. Component Activation

42
Q

prevent a virus or toxic protein from binding their target.

A

Neutralization

43
Q

a pathogen tagged by antibodies is consumed by macrophage or neutrophil.

A

Opsonization

44
Q

attached to surface of a pathogen cell activate the complement system.

A

Complement Activation:

45
Q

types of antibodies

A 
IgA (Immunoglobin alpha)
IgD (Immunoglobin Delta)
IgE (Immunoglobin Epsilon)
IgG (Immunoglubin Gamma)
IgM (Immunoglubin Mu)

BIOLOGY (9 decks)

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