immune system (8)

Question 1

define the different barriers that organisms have against infection by pathogens

Answer 1

Physical, chemical, microbiological

Question 2

describe the role of phagocytes in innate immunity

Answer 2

Phagocytes are white blood cells that detect, surround, and “eat” harmful germs, helping to protect the body from infections.

Question 3

explain how the release of interferon would help an organism respond to a viral infection

Answer 3

Interferon is a protein that warns nearby cells of a virus, helping them resist infection and boosting the immune response.

Question 4

explain the role of fever as a nonspecific immune response

Answer 4

Fever is when the body’s temperature rises to fight infection. The heat helps slow down germs and boosts the immune system, making it easier to fight off illness.

Question 5

describe the role of inflammation as a nonspecific immune response

Answer 5

Inflammation is the body’s way of responding to injury or infection. It causes redness, heat, swelling, and pain, which help bring more immune cells to the area to fight off germs and start healing.

Question 6

how do pathogens enter the body?

Answer 6

through broken skin, breathed in or eaten, contact with eyes, nose and mouth, needles.

Question 7

how can pathogens be transmitted

Answer 7

skin contact, direct contact, by air, food, rabid animal

Question 8

breakdown the immune system in a diagram

Answer 8

top
immune system
middle
adaptive/specific, innate/non-specific
bottom
1,2,3 lines of defense

Question 9

what is the first line of defense?

Answer 9

try to prevent pathogens from getting inside.
The three types of barriers in first line are physical, chemical and microbiological.

Question 10

First line, physical barrier

Answer 10

Block or hinder the pathogen from entering the body

Question 11

First line, chemical barrier

Answer 11

Produces chemical substances that kill pathogens

Question 12

First line, microbiological barrier

Answer 12

The presence of non pathogenic bacteria which can prevent growth of pathogens

Question 13

Second line of defense

Answer 13

If bacteria breaches the 1st line of defense then it has to try go through the second line, non specific immunity,

Question 14

what are the components of the second line of defense

Answer 14

Cellular and non cellular,
In cellular there are phagocytes and natural killer cells. non cellular are interferons, inflammation and fever.

Question 15

what are phagocytes

Answer 15

cells that carry out phagocytosis, engulfing and digesting foreign or dead material in the body.

Question 16

what are natural killer cells

Answer 16

have the ability to destroy infected or abnormal cells. Natural killer cells are most effective against viral infection

Question 17

what is interferon

Answer 17

chemical signal released from cells infected with a virus, help making nearby cells less suspectible to infection

Question 18

what is inflamation

Answer 18

increased blood floor to a particular area.

Question 19

what is the innate immune response

Answer 19

the second line of defense against pathogens, involving a range of cellular and non cellular components that work to quickly stop the spread of infection.

Question 20

what is a nonspecific response

Answer 20

A nonspecific response is how the body quickly fights off any germs or injuries. It includes things like swelling, fever, and skin protection. It works for all kinds of threats, not just one type.