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Infancy > Immune System > Flashcards

Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

What physical barriers are there?

A
  • skin
  • nose hairs
  • flow of urine
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2
Q

What chemical barriers are there?

A
  • urine pH

- gastric enzymes

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3
Q

How would you describe the innate immune system?

A
  • the first line of defence

- non-specific

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4
Q

What do complement proteins do?

A
  • promote inflammation
  • recruit and activate inflammatory cells
  • kill target cells
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5
Q

What do Ca proteins do?

A

They are sent on a mission

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6
Q

What do Cb proteins do?

A

Stay on site

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7
Q

How can C3 be activated?

A
  • mannose binding lectin
  • classical pathway
  • alternative pathway
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8
Q

What does C3a do?

A

Mast cell activation

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9
Q

What does C3b do?

A

Opsonisation

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10
Q

What does C5a do?

A

Mast cell activation and chemotaxis

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11
Q

What does C9 do?

A

Cell lysis (MAC)

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12
Q

What do the PRRs detect?

A

PAMPs or DAMPs

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13
Q

What does PRR stand for?

A

Pattern recognition receptors

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14
Q

What does PAMP stand for?

A

Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns

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15
Q

What effect do the PRRs have?

A
  • Endocytolic - phagocytosis

- signalling (e.g. TLR) - pro-inflammatory mediators

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16
Q

How would you describe the acquired immune system?

A

Specific

17
Q

What two types of cell signalling are present in acquired immunity?

A
  • cytokines

- antigen presenting cells

18
Q

What kind of cytokines are present?

A
  • interleukins (between leukocytes)

- chemokines

19
Q

What are antigens presented by?

A

MHC I

MHC II

20
Q

What cell does an activated B cell become?

A

Plasma cell

21
Q

What is IgM?

A

It is the first antibody

22
Q

Where is IgG found?

A

Blood antibody

23
Q

Where is IgA found?

A

Mucosa antibody

24
Q

What is IgE?

A

Parasite and allergy antibody

25
Q

What is IgD?

A

BCR (B cell receptor)

26
Q

What steps are involved in neutrophil migration?

A
  1. Margination
  2. Adhesion
  3. Diapedesis
27
Q

What happens when the virus infects the cell?

A

It starts replicating and this activates the PRRs (e.g, TLR)

28
Q

What does activation of the PRR do?

A
  • upregulation of IL-8

- expression of pathogenic peptide on MHC i

29
Q

What do IL-8 and inflammatory mediators do?

A

Attract dendritic cells and macrophages to the site of infection, where they phagocytose cell debris and viral particles

30
Q

What do the dendritic cells do after phagocytosis?

A
  • They are activated
  • express viral particles on MHC I and MHC II
  • Activated APC migrate to the lymph node
  • DCs activate Th1 (and Th2 to an extent) through signals
31
Q

How does a DC activate Th1?

A
  • antigen presentation via MHC II with TCR (I want you to activate)
  • stimulation of naïve T cell CD28- co-stimulatory signal (yes I really do want you to activate)
  • release of IL-12 - differentiation to Th1
32
Q

How are CD8 cytotoxic T cells activated?

A
  • interacts with the DC via MHC I

- Th1 licenses CD8+ ct via IFN-gamma and IL-2

33
Q

What happens to the activated CD8+ ct?

A
  • Memory T cells stay in the lymph node for the next time the pathogen infects the body (faster response)
  • Effector T cells migrate to the site of infection and look for cells expressing the same peptides on MHC I
34
Q

How do the CD8+ ct trigger apoptosis of infected cells?

A

They release perforin and granzyme

35
Q

What does perforin do?

A

Creates holes in the target cell’s membrane (perforates the membrane)

36
Q

What does granzyme do?

A

Triggers a series of reactions leading to the target cell’s DNA being chopped up

37
Q

What happens when bacteria infect us?

A
  • complement pathway activated
  • inflammation
  • neutrophils and dendritic cells are attracted to the site of infection and carry out phagocytosis

Infancy (6 decks)

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