Histology

Question 1

What are the 4 basic types of tissue?

Answer 1

• epithelium
• nerve
• muscle
• supporting/connective tissue

Question 2

Where do you find epithelium?

Answer 2

Lining tubes/covering surfaces

Question 3

What shape can epithelium be?

Answer 3

• cuboidal
• columnar
• squamous (flat)

Question 4

What types of cell layer can epithelia be?

Answer 4

• pseudostratified
• stratified
• simple

Question 5

What is pseudostratified?

Answer 5

Pretends to have many layers

Question 6

What is stratified?

Answer 6

Many layers

Question 7

What is simple?

Answer 7

Single layered

Question 8

Where are simple squamous epithelia found?

Answer 8

Areas that need rapid exchange of substances e.g. lung alveoli and vessels

Question 9

Where are stratified squamous epithelia found?

Answer 9

Areas exposed to wear and tear e.g. the oesophagus and the vagine

Question 10

Where are cuboidal epithelia found?

Answer 10

Kidneys, thyroid etc.

Question 11

What are cuboidal involved in?

Answer 11

• active ion transport
• secretion
• absorption

Question 12

What do cuboidal contain that squamous do not?

Answer 12

more organelles and cytoplasm

Question 13

Where are columnar epithelia found?

Answer 13

only in the intestines

Question 14

what do columnar epithelia do?

Answer 14

• allow effective absorption of nutrients into the body

- maintain an effective barrier

Question 15

what function do microvilli serve?

Answer 15

increase the cell surface area

Question 16

what is a tight junction?

Answer 16

(zonula occludens)

a barrier in a contant state of flux that separates outside from inside

Question 17

what is an anchoring junction?

Answer 17

(zonula adherens)

a barrier that anchors the actin cytoskeleton of adjacent cells

Question 18

what is a desmosome?

Answer 18

(macula adherens)

anchors adjacent cells

Question 19

what is a gap junction for?

Answer 19

cell communication

Question 20

What does the extracellular matrix do?

Answer 20

Acts as a sensor, conveying information from the exterior of the cell to the inside and vice versa

Question 21

what are the proteins of the ECM responsible for?

Answer 21

cell adhesion

Question 22

What does loose connective tissue consist of?

Answer 22

• mostly transient immune cells
• little collagen
• Ground substance for O2 and nutrient diffusion

Question 23

What does dense regular CT consist of?

Answer 23

• sparse cells
• collagen arranged in parallel bundles
• little ground substance

Question 24

What does dense irregular CT consist of?

Answer 24

• sparse cells, typically fibroblasts
• collagen provides strength
• little ground substance

Question 25

What sorts of cells are CT cells?

Answer 25

- fibroblasts - macrophages - mast cells - adipocytes

Question 26

What are the 3 types of CT fibres?

Answer 26

- collagen fibres (strong and flexible) - reticular fibres (supporting framework) - elastin fibres (stretch and distension)

Question 27

How can collagen fibres be broken down?

Answer 27

- mechanical wear - free radicals - proteinase cleavage

Question 28

What happens to damaged collagen?

Answer 28

It is phagocytosed and broken down

Question 29

What pathological degradation can happen to cartilage (CT)?q

Answer 29

Rheumatoid arthritis

Question 30

What pathological degradation happens to bone (CT)?

Answer 30

Osteoporosis

Question 31

Where do you find elastin fribres?

Answer 31

- vocal folds - lungs - elastic arteries - ligaments - skin

Question 32

What structure do elastin fibres have?

Answer 32

3D branching network