Immune system

Question 1

What does lysis mean?

Answer 1

distruction

Question 2

what does precipitation or aggulation of cells or molecules mean?

Answer 2

clumping together

Question 3

What are the two immune systems

Answer 3

Non-specific and specific.

You need both for immunity!

Question 4

non-specific immune response…

Answer 4

responce is antigen-independante.
there is immediate max response
NOT antigen specific.
Exposure results in no immunologic memory

Question 5

specific immune response…

Answer 5

response is antigen-dependent.
long time between exposure and max response.
IS antegin specific.
result in immunologic memory.

Question 6

Non-speficif immunity types

Answer 6

mechanical barriers- skin and mucous membranes.
chemical barriers- hydrochloric acid in the gastric mucosa.
inflammatory response- tissue damage provokes release of chemical mediators (histamine) and other chematactic factors.
phagocytosis by neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes and tissue macrophages. (NOT NK cells)

Question 7

what do NK cells do?

Answer 7

come in DIRECT contact with tumor cells and tissue cells that have been invaded by viruses and destroy them. (CAN NOT phagocytose)

Question 8

what does an Interferon do?

Answer 8

protein produced by a cell after it has been infected by a virus; inhibits further development and spread of virus.

Question 9

what does Complement do?

Answer 9

group of enxymes in plasma that can be activated by the attachment of an antibody to an antigen.
results in antigen lysis.

Question 10

what are the two ways antibodys kill?

Answer 10

agglutination or complement.

Question 11

What do t-helper cells do?

Answer 11

they release chemotactic facotrs to bring in T-killer cells.

Question 12

Humoral Immune Response…

Answer 12

B-CELLS that transform into a plasma cell after antigenic stimulation.
immunoglobulins (antibodies).
B-Cells and plasma cells stay in the lymphoid tissue. antibodies are released into plasma.
Have memory cells.

Question 13

Cell-Mediated Immune Response…

Answer 13

T Lymphocyte that transforms into cytotoxic T-CELL, helper T-CELL or suprossor T-CELL after antigenic stimulation.
Lymphokines.
T-CELLS can enter circulation and travel to the site where an antigen entered the body.
Has memory cells.

Question 14

IgM

Answer 14

Made first!

first Ig made during first exposure to an antigen.

Question 15

what does Ig stand for?

Answer 15

Immunoglobulin

Question 16

IgG

Answer 16

made when animal is exposed to an antigen for a long time or when exposed to the antigen for the second time.
longest lasting, highest number.

Question 17

IgA

Answer 17

secretory antibody, can leave blood and enter tissue fluids; plays a rold in protecting MUCOSAL surfaces.
Found in exits and enterances to the body.

Question 18

IgE

Answer 18

associated with an ALLERGIC response.

eosiniphils and PARASITES

Question 19

IgD

Answer 19

function is unknown.

Question 20

Passive Immunity…

Answer 20

COLOSTRUM!
animal receives preformed antibodies from someone else..
No memory cells produced.
IgM.

Question 21

Active Immunity…

Answer 21

Given in vacine or your own cells fighting.
memory T or B cells are produced.
Killed or just weakened (attenuated) antigens.
IgG.

Question 22

Lymphatic system

Answer 22

white color.

macrophages and plasma found in lymphatic system.

Question 23

Lymph consists of…

Answer 23

blood cells (mostly lymphocytes) nutrients and hormones. 
Some TCELLS circulate from blood to interstitial fluid to lymph and back to blood. 
BCELLS are found primarily inlymph tissues and rarely circulate.

Question 24

Lymph characteristics

Answer 24

transparent liquid containing varying numbers of cells, primarily lymphocytes.
has more water, sugar, and electrolytes than plasma.

Question 25

lymphatic system functions

Answer 25

removal of excess tissue fluid!!
waste material transport.
filtration of lymph.
protein transport.

Question 26

lymph nodes (filters) 2 types

Answer 26

Afferent lymph vessels empty fluid just beneath the capsule. (Goes in)
Efferent vessels exit the lymph node in the indented hilus area. (goes out)

Question 27

What is the Cortex?

Answer 27

location of resident lymphocytes.

Question 28

what is the madulla?

Answer 28

contains tissue macrophages embedded in a coarse fibrous mesh.

Question 29

What is the spleen?

Answer 29

tounge-shaped organ located on the left side of the abdomen.
near the stomach in simple-stomached animals.
near the rumen in ruminants.
LARGEST lymphoid organ in the body.

Question 30

Where do RBC go to die?

Answer 30

Spleen.

Question 31

Spleen functions

Answer 31

blood storage in the red pulp.
removal of foreign material from circulation by tissue macrophages in the red pulp.
removal of dead, dying and abnormal RBC.
lymphocyte cloning in the white pulp during an immune response.

Question 32

The spleen is covered with…

Answer 32

a fibrous connective tissue capsule and smooth muscle.

Question 33

Trabeculae contain…

Answer 33

blood vessels, nerves, lymph vessels, and smooth muscle cells.

Question 34

What is the White Pulp?

Answer 34

localized areas of lymphoid tussue

Question 35

What is the Red Pulp?

Answer 35

blood vessels, tissue macrophages, and blood sinuses. (storage)

Question 36

What is the Thymus?

Answer 36

lymphoid organ located in the caudal neck and cranial thoracic region on either side of the trachea.
Processes thymocyctes and T-Cells

Question 37

What are Tonsils?

Answer 37

nodules of peripheral lymphoid tissue.
not covered with a capsule.
found close to mucosal surfaces all over the body.