Blood Flashcards
Functions of blood
Transportation= O2, nutrients, waste, hormones.
Regulation= body temp, blood pH 7.4
Defense system= WBC phagocytosis, platelets, clotting factors.
Name of red blood cells
Erythrocytes- Carry oxygen.
Name of white blood cells
Leukocytes- granulocytic or aganulocytic. Multiple functions.
Name of platelets
Thrombocytes- help prevent leaks from damaged blood vessels.
Liquid portion of blood. Also called serum.
Plasma.
Hematopoiesis means
The making of blood.
Where does production of all blood cells occur?
In the red bone marrow.
1) Fetal hematopoiesis occurs in the?
2) Neonatal hematopoiesis occurs in the?
1) spleen and liver.
2) red bone marrow.
Hematopoiesis in older animals..
Some red bone marrow is converted into inactive yellow none marrow..
Composed of fat cells.
Hematopoiesis in mature animals most red bone marrow is found where?
At the ends of long and/or flat bones.
What is pluripotent?
Can become any type of blood cell / permanent once there.
Ex. Stem cells.
What is erythropoietin?
Hormone released from cells in kidney in response to hypoxia.
What is hypoxia?
Lack of oxygen in blood.
Red blood cell characteristics?
Round, anuclear, bioconvave disks.
Uses plasma glucose for NRG.
What is heme?
Poignant portion of blood. Produced in the mitochondria.
Contains iron atoms.
Every heme group can carry 1 molecule of oxygen..
4 heme groups attach to each gloving molecule.
What is globin?
Protein portion; produced by ribosomes.
1) Embrionic hemoglobin found where?
2) fetal hemoglobin?
3) adult hemoglobin?
1) in developing fetus.
2) in fetal blood during mid-late gestation and even a couple months after birth.
3) found in RBC in animals beginning a few weeks to a few months after birth.
What is oxyhemoglobin?
Hemoglobin carrying oxygen.
One oxygen molecule is with…
…Each iron molecule.
What is Deoxyhemoglobin?
Hemoglobin that has released it’s oxygen.
RBC life span for a dog
110 days
RBC life span for a cat
68 days
RBC life span for horses and sheep
150 days
RBC life span for a cow
160 days
RBC life span for mice
20 - 30 days
Senescence is
Process of aging
Extravascular hemolysis
Breaking down RBC outside of the vessel.
Broken down into components that can be recycled in body or eliminated as waste.
Extravascular hemolysis continued
RBC membrane is destroyed.
Iron is transported to the red bone marrow.
Amino acids from globin molecules are transported to the liver for re-use.
More…
Unconjugated hemoglobin attached to haptoglobin (not ready yet)
Transported to macrophages in the liver.
Processed as with extravascular hemolysis
Intravascular hemolysis
BAD!
RBC in circulation subjected to stress.
Can result in RBC fragmentation and/or destruction.
Hemoglobin released directly into the blood.
Hemoglobinemia
Excess in conjugated hemoglobin in the plasma.
Hemoglobinuria
Is eliminated in urine.
Kills kidneys and liver
Anemia results in
Decreased O2 carrying capacity of the blood.
Anemia is caused by
Low # of circulating mature RBC (blood loss, increased RBC destruction, decreased RBC production)
Insufficient hemoglobin production. (Iron deficiency)
Polycythemia
Increased in number of RBC.
Relative polycythemia is
hemoconcentration due to fluid loss(vomiting..)
Compensatory polycythemia..
Results of hypoxia (high altitudes, congestive heart failure)
Polycythemia rubra Vera-
rare bone marrow disorder; cause unknown
Platelets are called
Thrombocytes or megakaryocytes
platelet characteristics
circulating platelets are round w/numerous small, purple granules.
granules contain some of the CLOTTING facotrs and CALCIUM.
platelets remain in peripheral blood until they are removed by tissue macrophages because of old age/damage
What do plasma cells make?
antibodies
Platelet functions?
maintain vascular integrity,
formation of platelet plug (clot),
stabilixe the emostatic plug (keeps clot in place)
the lining of blood vessle is called?
endotheliam
What is Granulopoiesis
production of neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils.
Neutrophil characteristics
Polymorphonuclear cells; segs.
Most numerous WBC in circulation.
granules dont stain togehter; blue alkaline or red acid stain.
First on scene!
mature neutrophils in circulation have…
2 to 5 nuclear segments joined by a strand of chromatin.
immature neutrophils have…
a horseshoe nucleus w/o any segmentation (BAND neutrophil)
neutrophil function is to
phagocytose
the process used by neutrophils to go from circulation into tissue spaces is called?
Diapedesis
process that attracts neutrophils to inflammatory chemicals at a site of infection is called?
Chemotaxis
the pool closes to the edge of the vessle is called?
Marginal pool (mainly in spleen lungs and abdominal organs)
Eosinophil characteristics
Specialized and make alergies.
Red granules in cytoplasm of mature cells.
0-5 % of WBC count.
segmented nucleus, usually 2 lobes
Megakaryocytes
Platelets
Thrombopoeisis
Production of platelets
Young neutrophils are called?
Bands
Who shows up first to fight infections?
Neutrophils, then eosinophils, then basophils
Eosinophils are?
specilized and make alergies, eat worms.
What do Eosinophils do?
anti-inflammatory-ALERGIES
immunity
phagocytosis-PROTAZOA and PARASITIC WORMS
Basophil characteristics?
Blue gramules in cytoplasm of mature cells. Rare.
Nucleus usually has 2 - 3 lobes.
Basophils are found where?
In side the blood
Mast Cells are found where?
Outside the blood. (Tissue)
Are tissue basophils…
Macrophages.
Basophil Functions??
Granules contain HISTAMINE and HEPARIN.
Histamine helps?
initiate inflammation and acute allergic reactions.
Heparin Helps?
Acts as a localized anticoagulant to keep blood flowing to an injured or damaged area.
Basophilia?
LIKES TOO MUCH
Can be associated with an allergic or hypersensitivity reaction in tussue.
Basopenia?
LOW NUMBER!
Difficult to evaluate because numbers are normally low.
Monocytes do this?
Clean up the mess.
Monocyte Characteristics
LARGEST WBC in circulation.
Stains gray-blue.
Big blob-non-segmented.
Phagocytose.
APC means?
Antigen Presenting Cell
Macrophages are found?
In tissue.
Monocytosis means?
(cant get out) higher number of monocytes in peripheral blood.
Monocytopenia means?
(not making enough) lowest number of monocytes in peripheral blood.
Lymphocytes…specilized..
NO PHAGOCYTIC CAPABILITIES!
Tree types of lymphacytoes?
T-cells, B-cells, Natural Killer cells
T-Lymphocytes (t-cell) characteristics
Processed in the Thymus before going to peripheral lymphoid tissue.
RESPONSIBLE for cell-mediated immunity and for activating B-Cells.
B-Lymphocytes (b-cell) Characteristics
Inactive B-cells travel through lymph nodes, spleen, and other lymphoid structures. rarely in peripheral blood.
BURSA equivalent.
B-cells are responsible for?
ANTIBODY production.
epitope = binding area
a plasma cell is still a type of what?
lymphocyte.
Humoral immunity:
B-cells recognize an antigen and transform into plasma cells.
what do plasma cells do?
produce, store, and release antibodies (immunoglobins)-antigen
NK cells do what?
kill viruses and tumors.
Must come in direct contact with antigen before destroying them. cant phagocytose.
Lymphocytes characteristics?
no cytoplasmic granules.
nucleus- round or oval, non-segmented
two types Large/small. sky blue color.
lymphocytosis?
inceased number of lymphocytes in peripheral blood.
Lymphopenia?
Decreased number of lymphocytes in peripheral blood.
Memory cells are?
Both T and B cells.
Look at chart on last page of blood.
Study!!
What is the APC?
B cell
