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Animal Physiology > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of blood

A

Transportation= O2, nutrients, waste, hormones.
Regulation= body temp, blood pH 7.4
Defense system= WBC phagocytosis, platelets, clotting factors.

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2
Q

Name of red blood cells

A

Erythrocytes- Carry oxygen.

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3
Q

Name of white blood cells

A

Leukocytes- granulocytic or aganulocytic. Multiple functions.

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4
Q

Name of platelets

A

Thrombocytes- help prevent leaks from damaged blood vessels.

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5
Q

Liquid portion of blood. Also called serum.

A

Plasma.

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6
Q

Hematopoiesis means

A

The making of blood.

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7
Q

Where does production of all blood cells occur?

A

In the red bone marrow.

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8
Q

1) Fetal hematopoiesis occurs in the?

2) Neonatal hematopoiesis occurs in the?

A

1) spleen and liver.

2) red bone marrow.

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9
Q

Hematopoiesis in older animals..

A

Some red bone marrow is converted into inactive yellow none marrow..
Composed of fat cells.

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10
Q

Hematopoiesis in mature animals most red bone marrow is found where?

A

At the ends of long and/or flat bones.

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11
Q

What is pluripotent?

A

Can become any type of blood cell / permanent once there.

Ex. Stem cells.

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12
Q

What is erythropoietin?

A

Hormone released from cells in kidney in response to hypoxia.

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13
Q

What is hypoxia?

A

Lack of oxygen in blood.

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14
Q

Red blood cell characteristics?

A

Round, anuclear, bioconvave disks.

Uses plasma glucose for NRG.

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15
Q

What is heme?

A

Poignant portion of blood. Produced in the mitochondria.

Contains iron atoms.

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16
Q

Every heme group can carry 1 molecule of oxygen..

A

4 heme groups attach to each gloving molecule.

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17
Q

What is globin?

A

Protein portion; produced by ribosomes.

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18
Q

1) Embrionic hemoglobin found where?
2) fetal hemoglobin?
3) adult hemoglobin?

A

1) in developing fetus.
2) in fetal blood during mid-late gestation and even a couple months after birth.
3) found in RBC in animals beginning a few weeks to a few months after birth.

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19
Q

What is oxyhemoglobin?

A

Hemoglobin carrying oxygen.

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20
Q

One oxygen molecule is with…

A

…Each iron molecule.

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21
Q

What is Deoxyhemoglobin?

A

Hemoglobin that has released it’s oxygen.

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22
Q

RBC life span for a dog

A

110 days

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23
Q

RBC life span for a cat

A

68 days

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24
Q

RBC life span for horses and sheep

A

150 days

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25
Q

RBC life span for a cow

A

160 days

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26
Q

RBC life span for mice

A

20 - 30 days

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27
Q

Senescence is

A

Process of aging

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28
Q

Extravascular hemolysis

A

Breaking down RBC outside of the vessel.

Broken down into components that can be recycled in body or eliminated as waste.

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29
Q

Extravascular hemolysis continued

A

RBC membrane is destroyed.
Iron is transported to the red bone marrow.
Amino acids from globin molecules are transported to the liver for re-use.
More…

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30
Q

Unconjugated hemoglobin attached to haptoglobin (not ready yet)

A

Transported to macrophages in the liver.

Processed as with extravascular hemolysis

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31
Q

Intravascular hemolysis

BAD!

A

RBC in circulation subjected to stress.
Can result in RBC fragmentation and/or destruction.
Hemoglobin released directly into the blood.

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32
Q

Hemoglobinemia

A

Excess in conjugated hemoglobin in the plasma.

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33
Q

Hemoglobinuria

A

Is eliminated in urine.

Kills kidneys and liver

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34
Q

Anemia results in

A

Decreased O2 carrying capacity of the blood.

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35
Q

Anemia is caused by

A

Low # of circulating mature RBC (blood loss, increased RBC destruction, decreased RBC production)
Insufficient hemoglobin production. (Iron deficiency)

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36
Q

Polycythemia

A

Increased in number of RBC.

37
Q

Relative polycythemia is

A

hemoconcentration due to fluid loss(vomiting..)

38
Q

Compensatory polycythemia..

A

Results of hypoxia (high altitudes, congestive heart failure)

39
Q

Polycythemia rubra Vera-

A

rare bone marrow disorder; cause unknown

40
Q

Platelets are called

A

Thrombocytes or megakaryocytes

41
Q

platelet characteristics

A

circulating platelets are round w/numerous small, purple granules.
granules contain some of the CLOTTING facotrs and CALCIUM.
platelets remain in peripheral blood until they are removed by tissue macrophages because of old age/damage

42
Q

What do plasma cells make?

A

antibodies

43
Q

Platelet functions?

A

maintain vascular integrity,
formation of platelet plug (clot),
stabilixe the emostatic plug (keeps clot in place)

44
Q

the lining of blood vessle is called?

A

endotheliam

45
Q

What is Granulopoiesis

A

production of neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils.

46
Q

Neutrophil characteristics

A

Polymorphonuclear cells; segs.
Most numerous WBC in circulation.
granules dont stain togehter; blue alkaline or red acid stain.
First on scene!

47
Q

mature neutrophils in circulation have…

A

2 to 5 nuclear segments joined by a strand of chromatin.

48
Q

immature neutrophils have…

A

a horseshoe nucleus w/o any segmentation (BAND neutrophil)

49
Q

neutrophil function is to

A

phagocytose

50
Q

the process used by neutrophils to go from circulation into tissue spaces is called?

A

Diapedesis

51
Q

process that attracts neutrophils to inflammatory chemicals at a site of infection is called?

A

Chemotaxis

52
Q

the pool closes to the edge of the vessle is called?

A

Marginal pool (mainly in spleen lungs and abdominal organs)

53
Q

Eosinophil characteristics

A

Specialized and make alergies.
Red granules in cytoplasm of mature cells.
0-5 % of WBC count.
segmented nucleus, usually 2 lobes

54
Q

Megakaryocytes

A

Platelets

55
Q

Thrombopoeisis

A

Production of platelets

56
Q

Young neutrophils are called?

A

Bands

57
Q

Who shows up first to fight infections?

A

Neutrophils, then eosinophils, then basophils

58
Q

Eosinophils are?

A

specilized and make alergies, eat worms.

59
Q

What do Eosinophils do?

A

anti-inflammatory-ALERGIES
immunity
phagocytosis-PROTAZOA and PARASITIC WORMS

60
Q

Basophil characteristics?

A

Blue gramules in cytoplasm of mature cells. Rare.

Nucleus usually has 2 - 3 lobes.

61
Q

Basophils are found where?

A

In side the blood

62
Q

Mast Cells are found where?

A

Outside the blood. (Tissue)
Are tissue basophils…
Macrophages.

63
Q

Basophil Functions??

A

Granules contain HISTAMINE and HEPARIN.

64
Q

Histamine helps?

A

initiate inflammation and acute allergic reactions.

65
Q

Heparin Helps?

A

Acts as a localized anticoagulant to keep blood flowing to an injured or damaged area.

66
Q

Basophilia?

A

LIKES TOO MUCH

Can be associated with an allergic or hypersensitivity reaction in tussue.

67
Q

Basopenia?

A

LOW NUMBER!

Difficult to evaluate because numbers are normally low.

68
Q

Monocytes do this?

A

Clean up the mess.

69
Q

Monocyte Characteristics

A

LARGEST WBC in circulation.
Stains gray-blue.
Big blob-non-segmented.
Phagocytose.

70
Q

APC means?

A

Antigen Presenting Cell

71
Q

Macrophages are found?

A

In tissue.

72
Q

Monocytosis means?

A

(cant get out) higher number of monocytes in peripheral blood.

73
Q

Monocytopenia means?

A

(not making enough) lowest number of monocytes in peripheral blood.

74
Q

Lymphocytes…specilized..

A

NO PHAGOCYTIC CAPABILITIES!

75
Q

Tree types of lymphacytoes?

A

T-cells, B-cells, Natural Killer cells

76
Q

T-Lymphocytes (t-cell) characteristics

A

Processed in the Thymus before going to peripheral lymphoid tissue.
RESPONSIBLE for cell-mediated immunity and for activating B-Cells.

77
Q

B-Lymphocytes (b-cell) Characteristics

A

Inactive B-cells travel through lymph nodes, spleen, and other lymphoid structures. rarely in peripheral blood.
BURSA equivalent.

78
Q

B-cells are responsible for?

A

ANTIBODY production.

epitope = binding area

79
Q

a plasma cell is still a type of what?

A

lymphocyte.

80
Q

Humoral immunity:

A

B-cells recognize an antigen and transform into plasma cells.

81
Q

what do plasma cells do?

A

produce, store, and release antibodies (immunoglobins)-antigen

82
Q

NK cells do what?

A

kill viruses and tumors.

Must come in direct contact with antigen before destroying them. cant phagocytose.

83
Q

Lymphocytes characteristics?

A

no cytoplasmic granules.
nucleus- round or oval, non-segmented
two types Large/small. sky blue color.

84
Q

lymphocytosis?

A

inceased number of lymphocytes in peripheral blood.

85
Q

Lymphopenia?

A

Decreased number of lymphocytes in peripheral blood.

86
Q

Memory cells are?

A

Both T and B cells.

87
Q

Look at chart on last page of blood.

A

Study!!

88
Q

What is the APC?

A

B cell

Animal Physiology (6 decks)

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