immune system

Question 1

what are the adaptive immune cells?

Answer 1

B cells, T cells

Question 2

what do the b cells do?

Answer 2

synthesize anti bodies- basis of the adaptive immune response.

produce millions of antibodies all having a unique amino acid sequence and a different binding site for antigens

Question 3

what are the antibodies called released by b cells?

Answer 3

immunoglobulins.

5 different antibodies to a different type of response

Question 4

what are the 2 different ways antibodies can go to a site?

Answer 4

can be secreated or cell surface molecules.

Question 5

what is the process of when the antibody is secreted?

Answer 5

the cells first antibodies are inserted into its plasma membrane as cell surface receptors and each receptor is associated with transmembrane protiens that activate intracellular signiling pathways when the receptor is bound.

Question 6

whats the process of when an antibody is activated for the first time?

Answer 6

secreting an effector cell and start to make large quantaties of souluble antibody with the same antigen binding site as the original activating membrane receptor.

Question 7

what does the activated b cell grow into?

Answer 7

grows from a small lymphocyte to a large plasma cell.

Question 8

what are the types of t lymphocytes?

Answer 8

helper t cells or inducer t cells (CD4 cells)

cytotoxic t cells or killer t cells (CD8 cells)

suppressor T cells

Memory t cells

Question 9

when do T lymphocytes respond to antigens?

Answer 9

only when they are bound to specific molecules called MHC proteins on the surface of antigen- presenting cells in the lymphoid tissues

Question 10

what are the 3 major types of antigen- presenting cells?

Answer 10

macrophages, b lymphocytes and dendritic cells

Question 11

what are the MHC protiens encoded by?

Answer 11

major histocompatibility complex.
a large group of genes

Question 12

what do MHC I proteins present antigens to?

Answer 12

cytotoxic t cells

Question 13

what do MHC II protiens present antigen to?

Answer 13

t helper cells

Question 14

how are t cells different from b cellls?

Answer 14

t cells primary function is to recognise and destroy infected cells and help co ordinate the immune response.

helper t cells- assist other immune cells by releasing cytokines.

cytokoxic t cells- directly kill infected or cancerous cells.

b cells- responsilbe for producing antibodies. when activated they differniate into plasma cells which secrete antibodies that bind to specific antigens marking them for destruction

Question 15

what is the most common t cell?

Answer 15

helper t cell

Question 16

how do helper t cells work?

Answer 16

by forming a series of protein mediators, called lymphokines that act on other cells of the immune system as well on the bone marrow cells.

Question 17

what are the important lymphokines secreted by the helper t cells?

Answer 17

interleukin 2-6, granulocyte- monocyte colony simulating factor and infereron-g

Question 18

what does the helper t cells do?
3 functions

Answer 18

simulate the growth and proliferation of cytotoxic t cells and suppressor t cells

simulation of b cell growth and differentiation to form plasma cells and antibodies

activation of the macrophage system

Question 19

what is the cytotoxic t cell?

Answer 19

an direct attack cell that is capable of killing microorganisms and sometimes even the bodys own cells.

plays an important role in destroying cancer cells, heart transplant cells or other types of cells that are foreign to the persons own body

Question 20

what do the cytotoxic t cells do after binding?

Answer 20

the cytotoxic T cell secretes hole-forming proteins, called perforins, that literally punch round holes in the membrane of the attacked cell

and then release cytotoxic cytotoxic substances directly into the attacked cell

Question 21

what is the function of suppressor t cells?

Answer 21

preventing cytotoxic cells from causing immune reactions that might be damaging to the bodys own tissues.
immune tolerance

Question 22

what does the inflammatory response mean?

Answer 22

the bodys response to an illness or something that doesnt belong in your body eg germs.

Question 23

what do inflammatory medicators do?

Answer 23

act on smooth muscle to induce vasodilation and vesseles widen. vasodilation increases the volume of blood while slowing blood flow. responsible for the redness theat inflammation. slows the spread of the pathogen in the bloodstreams and enables immune cells in the blood to leave and enter the effected tissue.

Question 24

what is the first line of defense against infection in inflammation?

Answer 24

tissue macrophage

Question 25

what is the second line of defense in inflammation?

Answer 25

neutrophil invasion of the inflamed area

Question 26

what is the 3rd line of defense in inflammation?

Answer 26

second macrophage invasion into the inflamed tissue

Question 27

what is the 4th line of defense of inflammation?

Answer 27

increased production of granulocytes and monocytes by the bone marrow.

Question 28

what is the fifth line of defense in inflammation?

Answer 28

formation of puss

Question 29

what is type 1 hypersensitivity?

Answer 29

most common type of hypersensitivity reaction. immediate or anaphylactic hypersensitivity more commonly known as an allergy symptoms develops almost immediately

Question 30

what is the immune mechanism of allergy?

Answer 30

SECREATION OF ANTIBODIES by plasma cells. Ige bind to tissue surface receptors on mast cells and basophils CAUSING THE ANTIBODIES TO BE SENSITISED this produces degranulation and THE PRODUCTION OF ALLERGIC MEDIATORS t eg. histamine, leukotrienes and prostaglandins CAUSING INFLAMMATION

Question 31

examples of hypersensitivity type 1 conditions:

Answer 31

allergic asthma- airways become inflamed due to certain triggers allergic rhinitis- inflammation in the nostrils due to the presence of allergen in the environment systemic anaphylaxis- immediate reaction swelling of the lips, tounge, throat and face. itching, flushed skin. tightness and swelling of the throat, scratchy throad, chest tightness

Question 32

what do you treat systemic anaphylaxis with?

Answer 32

epinephrine. counteracts the effects of mediators such as histamine and the leukotrienes, relaxing the smooth muscles of the airways and reducing vascular permeability. also improves cardiac output which is necessary to prevent vascular collapse.

Question 33

what is systemic anaphylaxis?

Answer 33

most severe type of allergic response, happens in minutes. initated by an allergen introduced directly into the blood stream or absorbed into the circulation from the gut or skin Symptoms include a precipitous drop in blood pressure leading to anaphylactic shock, followed by contraction of smooth muscles leading to defecation, urination, and bronchiolar constriction causing laboured respiration. These symptoms are typically due to rapid and widespread IgE antibody-mediated degranulation of mast cells and basophils and the systemic effects of their contents. can lead to death in 2-4 minutes

Question 34

when does inflammation occur?

Answer 34

when tissues are damaged or infected, cells in the affected area release signaling molecules called cytokines and chemokines. these molecules attract immune cells to the site of injury

Question 35

what are the key cells involved in inflammatory response?

Answer 35

mast cells neutrophils macrophages lymphocytes dendritic cells

Question 36

what do mast calls do in inflammatory response

Answer 36

found in tissues and release histamine and other chemicals that increase blood flow and vessel permeability- leads to redness and swelling

Question 37

what do neutrophils do in inflammatory response

Answer 37

first responders to the site. attracked by chemokines and migrate to the area and destroy pathogens. they also release enzymes and reactive oxygen species to kill bacteria.

Question 38

what do macrophages do?

Answer 38

they clean up the debris, dead cells and pathogens. promote healing

Question 39

what do lymphocytes do in inflammatory response

Answer 39

include t and b cells which are important for adaptive immunity. they may be involved in inflammation process, especially in chronic inflammation

Question 40

what do dendritic cells do in inflammatory response

Answer 40

these cells act as antigen presenting cells that capture and present antigens to t cells, initiating the adaptive immune response

Question 41

what is the 4 steps of inflammation?

Answer 41

1. vasodilation 2. increased permeability- allowing immune cells and proteins to exit the blood stream and enter the tissue (leads to swelling) 3. phagocytosis- neutrophils and macrophages effectively clearning the area of harmful substances 4. release of cytokines- activated immune cells release cytoines that amplify the inflammatory response, promoting healing