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cardiac conditions Flashcards

1
Q

what happens to the heart during a MI?

A

a part of your heart cannot pump because its dying from lack of blood flow.
it can distrupt the pumping function reducing blood to the rest of the body

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2
Q

what are signs and symptoms of a MI?

A

chest pain
squeezing/ heaviness crushing pain
radiates to the arm, shoulder, neck, jaw, back or down the waist
heart burn
SOB
nausea
sweating
trouble sleeping
nausea/ discomfort
heart palpations
anxiety
dizziness

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3
Q

what are the causes of a MI?

A

blockage in the heart vessels. due to plaque and atherosclerosis.
coronary artery disease (large amount of atherosclerosis)

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4
Q

how does plaque cause a MI?

A

plaque deposists in the arteries can break open or rupture and a blood clot can get stuck where the rupture happens
if the clot blocks the arteries this deprives the heart muscle of blood and cause a heart attack

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5
Q

what are risk factors of a MI?

A

age and sex
family history of heart disease
lifestyle eg alcohol, lack of activity
health conditions such as: diabetes, obesity, high bp, high cholesterol, preclampsia

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6
Q

how is a MI diagnosed?

A

blood tests
ecg
echocardiogram
coronary angiogram
ct
heart MRI
exercise stress test

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7
Q

what are treatments of a MI?

A

JRCAL:
asprin- reduces clot formation
glyceryl trinitrate- when systolic blood pressure is greater than 90mmhg
heparin- st elevation mi. anticoagulants (prevent blood clot)
morphine- reduce pain
oxygen

oxygen

anti clotting medication

nitroglycerin- reveles chest pain, causes blood vessels to widen

thrombolytic med- clot busting

anti arrhythmia meds

pain relief- morphine

beta blockers- reduce hr

antihypertensives- reduce bp

statins- stabalise plaque in hearts blood vessels. less likely to rupture. reduce cholestrol and another chance of a MI.

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8
Q

what are surgical treatments of a MI?

A

percutaneous coronary intervention:
restore circulation to affected heart muscle. opening artery with a catheter- restore blood flow. may place a stent at the blockage- holds artery open.

coronary artery by pass grafting:
severe blockages undergo open heart surgery.
involves using a blood vessel from somewhere else in the body to construct a dector for blood. this reroutes blood around one or more blocked artery and brings blood to heart muscle.

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9
Q

what is coronary artery by pass grafting?

A

severe blockages undergo open heart surgery.
involves using a blood vessel from somewhere else in the body to construct a dector for blood. this reroutes blood around one or more blocked artery and brings blood to heart muscle.

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10
Q

what does percutaneous coronary intervention do?

A

restore circulation to affected heart muscle. opening artery with a catheter- restore blood flow. may place a stent at the blockage- holds artery open.

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11
Q

what is CAD?
coronary artery disease?

A

narrowing or blockage of coronary arteries due to plaque (including cholestrol) builds up limiting blood flow.
not always symptoms until a blood clot is formed- causes a heart attack

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12
Q

what are the 2 different types of CAD?

A

stable ischemic heart disease (the heart doesnt get enough blood and oxygen due to narrowed coronary arteries)

acute coronary syndrome (unstable angina, MI (stemi), nstemi.

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13
Q

what is stable ischemic heart disease?

A

chronic form. arteries narrow gradually, over time your heart receives less oxygen rich blood.
some symptoms but able to live with it

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14
Q

what is acute coronary syndrome?
what happens tp the arteries in it?

A

mi (stemi or nstemi) or ustable angina
medical emergency

the plaque in the coronary arteries ruptures and forms a blood clot. this abrupt blockage causes a heart attack

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15
Q

what are symptoms of CAD?

A

Chest pain or discomfort. …
Pain that starts in the chest and spreads to other parts of the body. …
Nausea or vomiting.
Indigestion.
Shortness of breath, also called dyspnea.
Sudden, heavy sweating.
Racing heartbeat.
Feeling lightheaded or dizzy

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16
Q

what are the causes of CAD?

A

atherosclerosis- gradual build up of plaque
when the plaque affects the blood flow- CAD

plaque causes arteries to become narrow.
consists of cholestrol that helps form a blood clot

= heart doesnt recieve enough blood and heart doesnt get enough oxygen- MI and angina

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17
Q

whats the risk factors of CAD?

A
  • older than 44 male
    -older than 55 female
  • family history of heart disease
  • eating alot of saturated fat or carbs
  • not exercising enough
  • not enough sleep
  • smoking/ vaping
  • atherosclerosis
  • high bp
  • high bad cholesterol/ low good cholestrol
  • high triglycerides (fat/lipid found in the blood)
  • anemia ( low levels of healthy blood cells)
  • autoimmue disease
  • chronic kidney disease
  • diabetes
  • endometriosis (tissue grow out of the uterus)
    birth control
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18
Q

what is the risks of having CAD?

A

arrhythmias (abnormal heart rhythms)
cardiac arrest
cardiogentic shock
heart failure

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19
Q

how would you diagnose CAD? what tests?

A

measure BP, listen to the heart, take history: symptoms, medical, lifestyle and family.

blood tests, cardiac catheterization, CT, MRI, ECG, exercise stress test, chest xray

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20
Q

how would you manage CAD?
treatment
lifestyle changes
surgeries

A

treatment:
asprin- blood thinner and pain killer
nitroglycerin- vasoldilator. reduce chest pain

lifestyle changes.

surgeries:
percutaneous conoray intervention
coronary artery by pass graft

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21
Q

what is congestive heart failure?

A

heart cannot pump blood as well as it should meaning blood builds up in other parts of the body eg- lungs, legs and feet

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22
Q

what are the different types of heart failure?

A

left sided heart failure,
right sided heart failure,
Biventricular heart failure (both left and right)

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23
Q

what are the symptoms of heart failure?

A

symptoms get worse over time:
SOB
chest pain
heart palpations
faituge
swelling in the ankles, legs and abdomen
weight gain,
need to urinate urine resting at night
dry cough
full/ bloated stomach
nausea

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24
Q

risk factors of congestive heart failure?

A

older than 65
tobacco, cocaine, alochol
- inactive lifestyle
- high salt and fat lifestyle
- high bp
- CAD
- heart attack
- family history of heart failure

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24
Q

what are the causes of congestive heart failure

A

CAD- most common, where the arteries that supply blood to the heart become narrowed or blocked

high bp-lead to thickening of the heart muscle

heart attack- can damage the heart muscke

cardiomyopathy- refers to diseases of the heart muscle that can be caused by factors such as genetics, infections

valve disorder- can disrupt bloof flow

arrhythmias- effect the heaerts efficicency

25
Q

what are the risks of having congestive heart failure?

A

irregular heart rate (arrhythmias)
cardiac arrest
heart valve problems
collection of fluid in the lungs

primary hypertension
kidney damage
liver damage
malnuration

26
Q

what is an aortic aneurysm

A

the pressure of blood pumping through the artery causes a balloon like bulge in the weak area of the aorta blood vessel

27
Q

what are the types of aortic aneurysms?

A

abdominal aortic aneurysm

thoracic aortic aneurysm

28
Q

what is an abdominal aortic aneurysm?

A

blunge in the aorta that extends through the abdomen. forms in the area where the walls have grown weak. factors include:
aging, tobacco

when the wall is weak it cannot handle blood as well as it should. causing the wall to enlarge over time.
diagnosed at 3cm wide
more at risk for it to burst over 5cm

29
Q

what are symptoms of a AAA?

A

steady deep pain in lower back or belly.
pain in the leg, groin or pelvic area,
pulsing sensation in the belly feels like a heart beat

30
Q

what are symptoms of a ruptured AAA?

A

severe pain in the belly, lower back or legs
SOB
high HR
low BP
dizziness or fainiting
nausea or vommiting
clammy/ sweaty skin

31
Q

what are the causes of a AAA?

A

tobacco use reduces strength in aortic wall
atherosclerosis build up- cause inflammation and cell death- wall weakness

32
Q

what are the risk factors of AAA?

A

history of tobacco use
old age
male
family history

high bp
atherosclerosis/ cardiac disease
inherited vascular connective tissue disease

33
Q

how do you diagnose AAA?

A

abdominal duplex ultrasound screening
computed tamography anigogram

34
Q

what is the treatment of AAA?

A

depends on the size and risk of it ruptering
surveillance of less than <5-5.5.
surgery if >5.5- replace the aorta from the inside with a new graft:
2 methods:
traditional open aneurysm repair surgery
endovascular aneurysm repair (easier recovery)

35
Q

what is a TAA?

A

throatic aortic aneurysm:
blunge that develops in part of the aorta that extends through the chest (thorax) 50% wider than the normal aortic diameter 1/4 form in the chest

36
Q

what are the symptoms of TAA?

A

pain in the jaw, neck or chest, upper back.
trouble swallowing or pain with swallowing
hoarsesness
coughing or trouble breathing

37
Q

what are the symptoms of a TAA rupture?

THINK GCS

A

sudden severe pain in the chest or back. tearing, stabbing or ripping.
SOB
high HR
heavy sweating
confusion
trouble speaking
vision loss
weakness or paralysis on 1 side of the body

38
Q

what are the causes of a TAA?

A

atherosclerosis

39
Q

what are the risk factors of a TAA?

A

aortis,
bicuspid valve disease,
coronary artery disease,
family history,
high BP,
age increase, smoking,

turner syndrome,
lloeys dietz syndrome, vascular ehtersdenios syndrome

40
Q

what is the diagnosis of TAA?

A

CT, echoccardiogram, magnetic resonance angiogram, abdominal ultrasound

41
Q

what is the treatment of TAA?

A

traditional open surgery:
inclsion down the middle of the chest, removes the damage part and replaces with a fabric tube (graft).

thoracic endovascular aortic repair:
small cuts near the groin to access the femol artery: use a catheter to guide the graft to the anurysm+ put it in place.

aortic root replacement: replace aortic valve aswell

surgery relies on:
size and location
how fast growing
symptoms and how severe
underlying medical conditions

42
Q

what is the treatment for a pt with heart failure? jrcalc?

A

consider:
furosemide- potent diuretic ( help treat fluid retention (edema) and swelling)

acute heart failure: glyceryl trinitrate- dilation of coronary ateries/ relief of coronary spasm, dilation of systemic veins, reduced blood pressure.
oxygen
sodium lactate compound- increases vascular fluid volume which raises cardiac output and improves perfsuion

43
Q

what can an ecg tell you?

A

any arrhythmias
heart blocks
mi
heart inflammation
cardiac arrest
bundle branch block

44
Q

what are the indications of doing an ECG?

A

chest pain
dizziness
fainting
fatigue
sweating
SOB
palpations
discomfort in the chest arms, shoulders, jaw, neck or back

45
Q

what are the types of ECG?

A

resting
ambulatory- connected for 24 hours
exercise stress test- physcial activity

46
Q

what does the P wave represent in an ECG?

A

atrial depolarization
(the electrical excitation of the atria= causing contraction)

47
Q

what does the PR interval represent in an ECG?

A

represents the time for electrical activity to move between the atrials and ventricles

48
Q

what does the QRS complex represent in an ecg?

A

depolarization of the ventricles.
(the time taken for the electrical simulation and contraction of ventricles)

49
Q

what does the ST segment represent in an ecg?

A

the time between depolarizations and repolarizations of the ventricles

50
Q

what does the T wave represent in an ecg?

A

ventricular repolarization
(restoring the original electrical conditions of the heart and results in relaxation)

51
Q

what does the RR interval represent in an ecg?

A

the time taken between 2 QRS complexes

52
Q

what does the QT interval represent in an ecg?

A

the time taken for the ventricles to depolarise and then repolarise

53
Q

what is the treatment for heart failure?

A
  • lifestyle changes

medications:
-diuretics- help reduce fluid build up in the body
-ACE inhibitors- help relax blood vessels and lower blood pressure
-beta blockers- slow the heart rate and reduce blood pressure
-alosterone antagonist- helps the body get rid of excess sodium and water
-digoxin- helps the heart pump more effectivly

monitoring

surgical interventions: pacemakers, heart valve repair, or even heart transplantation

54
Q

what is angina?

A

type of chest pain or discomfort that occurs when the heart muscle doesnt get enough oxygen rich blood. often a symptom of CAD

55
Q

what are the symptoms of angina?

A

chest pain- pressure, squeezing, fullness. this can also occur in the shoulders, neck, arms, back, teeth or jaw.

SOB
fatigue
nausea
sweating

56
Q

whats the pathophsiolohgy of angina?

A

typically occurs due to atherosclerosis- where fatty deposits build up in the coronary arteries, narrowing them and reducing blood flow to the heart.
this can lead to ischemia, especially during physical exertion or stress when the hearts demand for oxygen increases

57
Q

whats the diagnosis of angina?

A

-ECG
imaging tests to visulaise the blood vessels

58
Q

whats the clinical significance of agina?

A

it indicates an increased risk of heart attack or other cardiovascular events. indicates the heart isnt getting enough blood supply, highlighting the need for medical evaluation and intervention

59
Q

whats the difference between stable and unstable angina?

A

stable- predictably with physical exertion or stress and typically resolves with rest or nitroglycerin.

pain is usually brief, lasting a few minutes and is often described as a pressure or squeezing sensation in the chest

unstable- occur unexpectedly, even at rest, may last longer than stable angina. pain can be more intense and is not re;ived by rest or medication. could be a sign of a heart attack

exam conditions (9 decks)

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