endocrine conditions Flashcards
what is secreted by the pancreas?
what cell is insulin secreated by?
98% of pancreas cells produces digestive enzymes
insulin secreted by beta cells
when is insulin secreted?
during and after meals when glucose and amino acid levels are rising
what cells is glucagon released by and when?
Alpha cells
released between meals when blood glucose concentration is falling
what hyperglycemic hormones raise blood glucose concentration?
Glucagon, growth hormone, epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol, and corticosterone
what are the symptoms of diabetes?
Polyuria (excess urine output), polydipsia (intense thirst) and polyphagia (hunger)
Revealed by elevated blood glucose, glucose in urine and ketones in the urine
weight loss
hunger
tiredness
increased wound healing time
UTIs/yeast infection
blurred vision
what is the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes?
type 1- cant produce insulin.
symptoms can develop quickly, over a few weeks or months- can result in DKA
type 2- insulin receptors dont work.
may not have any symptoms, slow developing
who is more at risk of getting type 2 diabetes?
south asian population living in the uk are 6 times more likey to develop than the white population
people of african/caribbean are 3 times more likely to have type 2 diabtes
what is diabetes?
happens when your blood sugar (glucose) is too high. It develops when your pancreas doesn’t make enough insulin or any at all, or when your body isn’t responding to the effects of insulin properly
where does glucose come from?
carbohydrates- sugar
how does glucose reach an hormone in the body?
when glucose is in your bloodstream, it needs help — a “key” — to reach its final destination. This key is insulin (a hormone). If your pancreas isn’t making enough insulin or your body isn’t using it properly, glucose builds up in your bloodstream,
what causes type 2 diabetes?
Insulin resistance
. Insulin resistance happens when cells in your muscles, fat and liver don’t respond as they should to insulin.
Several factors and conditions contribute to varying degrees of insulin resistance, including obesity, lack of physical activity, diet, hormonal imbalances, genetics and certain medications.
what causes diabetes type 1?
autoimmune disease.
Type 1 diabetes and LADA happen when your immune system attacks the insulin-producing cells in your pancreas.
how is diabetes diagnosed?
fasting blood glucose test
random blood glucose test
A1c- provides an average blood glucose level over the past 2-3 months
how is diabetes managed?
monitoring blood sugar levels, testing yourself,
oral diabetes medications- mainly type 2 diabetes
insulin- type 1.
diet and exercise- type 2.
what does the exocrine pancreas do
what does the endocrine pancreas do
exocrine- produces enzymes that help digest food
endocrine- makes insulin
where is the pancreas located?
in the abdomen, behind the stomach.
what is the function of the exocrine pancreas?
the pancreas helps to digest food, particularly protein.
Pancreatic juices contain enzymes that only become activated once they reach the duodenum.
Other enzymes produced by the pancreas include amylase (to break down carbohydrate) and lipase (to break down fats).
The exocrine pancreas also makes sodium bicarbonate, which helps to neutralise the stomach acids in the food.
whats the function of the endocrine pancreas?
pancreas makes the hormone insulin, which helps to control blood sugar levels.
High blood sugar levels prompt the release of insulin from the islets of Langerhans, so that the sugars can pass into cells.
The endocrine pancreas also makes glucagon, another hormone involved in the regulation of blood sugar.
what are the symptoms of pancreatic problems?
pain in the upper abdomen
loss of appetite
yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice)
back pain
bloating
nausea
vomiting
digestive upsets
passing foul-smelling and fatty faeces.
what are the main disorders of the pancreas?
acute pancreatitis
chronic pancreatitis
pancreatic cancer
diabetes
