Immune System

Question 1

infectious disease

Answer 1

pathogen-caused disease passed from one organism to another organism.

Question 2

pathogen

Answer 2

agent, such as a bacterium, virus, protozoan, or fungus, that causes infectious disease.

Question 3

Koch’s postulates

Answer 3

rules for demonstrating that an
organism causes a disease.

Question 4

reservoir

Answer 4

source of a pathogen in the environment

Question 5

endemic

Answer 5

found only in one geographic area

Question 6

epidemic

Answer 6

large outbreak of a specific disease in a particular area

Question 7

pandemic

Answer 7

widespread epidemic

Question 8

antibiotic

Answer 8

substance that is
able to kill or inhibit the growth of some microorganisms.

Question 9

complement protein

Answer 9

protein in blood plasma that
enhances phagocytosis.

Question 10

interferon

Answer 10

antiviral protein secreted by virus-infected cells.

Question 11

lymphocyte

Answer 11

white blood cell involved in specific immunity; a B cell or a T cell.

Question 12

antibody

Answer 12

protein produced by B lymphocytes that specifically reacts with a foreign antigen.

Question 13

B cell

Answer 13

antibody producing B lymphocyte

Question 14

helper T cell

Answer 14

lymphocyte that activates antibody secretion in B cells and cytotoxic T cells.

Question 15

cytotoxic T cell

Answer 15

lymphocyte that destroys pathogens and releases cytokines when activated.

Question 16

memory cell

Answer 16

long-lived lymphocyte produced during exposure to an antigen during the primary immune response; can function in future immune response to the
same antigen.

Question 17

immunization

Answer 17

vaccination: develops active immunity

Question 18

for a pathogen to spread it must have: (2 things)

Answer 18

1. source
   *Animals (ex. Rabies, swine
   flu)
   *People
   * inanimate objects like soil
   (tetanus) & contaminated
   food/water
2. route of transmission
   *Direct contact
   *Indirect contact (air/objects)
   *Vectors (ex. Mosquitoes)

Question 19

virus growth, replication, and treatment

Answer 19

*Virus is non-living.
* It is made of either DNA or RNA
surrounded by a protein coat.
* It can’t replicate on its own -
needs a host cell.
*Antibiotics do NOT work.
*There are some antiviral meds
available.

Question 20

bacteria growth, replication, and treatment

Answer 20

*Bacteria are simple prokaryote
cells.
*No nucleus or other membrane
bound organelles
*They do not enter a host cell.
*Treated with antibiotics.

Question 21

type of disease patterns

Answer 21

endemic, epidemic, pandemic

Question 22

carrier

Answer 22

An individual that is symptom-free but capable of passing the pathogen.

Question 23

non-specific immunity

Answer 23

1. Barriers
   A. skin (unbroken)
   B. Chemical barriers (tears, saliva, nasal secretions,
   mucus)
2. Cellular Defense
   A. white blood cells
   B. Interferon: protein that helps prevent
   virus replication
   C. Inflammatory response (cause pain, heat, &
   redness to attract white blood cells)

Question 24

antigen

Answer 24

any foreign
substance that triggers an
immune response

Question 25

anti____ fight anti____

Answer 25

antibodies fight antigens

Question 26

specific immunity

Answer 26

1. humoral immunity - b cells
   *Also makes memory cells that can quickly trigger another round of
   B cells/antibodies when exposed in the future.
2. cell-mediated immunity - T cells directly attack specific
   foreign invaders

Question 27

how do vaccines help people fight infection

Answer 27

A vaccine deliberately
exposes the body to an antigen. This causes B-Cells to divide and produce antibodies and
then immune memory
cells will develop.

Question 28

what does hiv result in, how is hiv transmitted, and what happens if it is untreated?

Answer 28

hiv can result in aids.

it is transmitted through bodily fluids from an infected person

if untreated, it infects helper T cells that infect other helper T cells. a person’s immune system fails, people die from secondary infections (like pneumonia) that their body cannot fight anymore.