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Adult Health I > Immune System > Flashcards

Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

How many line of defense does the body have and what are they?

A

3

-Physical and chemical (innate)
-nonspecific (innate)
-specific (acquired)

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2
Q

What is the innate immunity?

A

provides broad defense against infection.

Physical
chemical

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3
Q

What are physical barriers?

A

skin
mucous membranes
nose hair

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4
Q

what are chemical carriers?

A

lysozyme (enzymes in tears that acts like an antibiotic)

Gastric juices in stomach to destry bacteria

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5
Q

What is nonspecific resistance ?

A

Phagocytic cells (ingest and destroy)

inflammation (brings more WBC to the party)

fever (inhibits bacterial growth and increases rate of tissue repair)

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6
Q

What is acquired adaptive immunity

A
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7
Q

What is Specific resistance?

A

Antigens!

-specific substances (proteins) found in foreign microbes.

these produce an immune response

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8
Q

What are the steps in the immune response (during specific acquired immunity)

A

1) antigen is detected by a macrophage

2) T-cells (fire and police) they are the first responders

3) T-cells secrete interleukin 2
…..need to add (slide 8)

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9
Q

ImmWhat are the 3 major T cells?

A

1) cytotoxic (poke holes)

2) helper T cells (sound the alarm)

3) Memory (remain dormant, and allow a faster response if antigen is detected again)

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10
Q

What are antibodies also called?

A

Immunoglobulins (Ig’s)

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11
Q

What do immunizations do

A

Use portions of pathogens to stimulate T & B cells response.

Live
Inactivated
Toxoid

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12
Q

What is a live vaccines

A

Used for Viruses

-contain a weakened version of pathogens

-similar immune response to natural infection

-examples: MMR & Vericella

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13
Q

what is a inactivated vaccines

A

Used for Viruses

Use a “killed” version of the pathogen

Example: polio

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14
Q

what is toxoid vaccines

A

Used for Bacteria

Use the toxins produced by bacteria to stimulate the immune response

Example: Diphtheria and tetanus of the DTap

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15
Q

What is subunit vaccine

A

Used for both viruses and bacteria

contains parts of the pathogen

Example: DTap

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16
Q

What is Conjugate vaccine

A

Used for bacteria

Used with bacteria that have protective polysaccharide coatings

Example: H-Flu

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17
Q

What is mRNA Vaccines

A

Uses messenger RNA (mRNA)

0immune cells use the mRNA as a “blueprint” to build similar protein

stimulate adaptive immune response

person is NOT exposed to pathogen

vaccine has not effect on DNA

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18
Q

Vaccine History

A

Vacca = cow

Started by Edward Jenner 1796

Cow-pox (taken from cow-pox pustule)

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19
Q

What are allergies?

A

Immune reaction to foreign substances

The immune system overreacts by producing antibodies (IgE) to travel around and release chemicals causing reaction

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20
Q

Anaphylaxis

A

Histamines causes the blood vessels to expand

-Dangerous drop in blood pressure

-fluid can leak into the lungs, causing swelling and pulmonary edema

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21
Q

What is allergy testing?

A

Can be completed using a blood test (but can be less accurate)

Typically done with skin test

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22
Q

What are the 3 major types of skin cancer?

A

1) Bastal Cell Carcinoma
2) Squamous Cell Carcinoma
3) Malignant Melanoma (big bad one)

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23
Q

What are risk factors for developing skin cancer?

A

-sun exposure
-Predisposition (genetics
-Skin tone
-exposure to toxic chemicals
-frequent sunburns as a child

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24
Q

Describe Basal cell carcinoma

A

“pearly” glossy, shiny, waxy appearance

-raised edges w/ depressed center

-slow growing, waxy to manage, rarely metastasizes

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25
Describe Squamous cell carcinoma
-"crusty" hard-covering, scaly, pink or reddish and raised lesion -faster growing than BBC and can metastasize
26
How do we assess for skin cancer?
ABCDE A - asymmetry B - Boarders C - color D - diameter E - Evolving shape/size/color
27
describe malignant melanoma
*most deadly form of skin cancer -not asymmetrical -not well defined boarders -multiple colors -large (greater than 5cm) -evolve and grows
28
What are skin cancer treatments
Cryosurgery (freezing) excisional biopsy radiation Chemo MOHS surgery
29
When would you use MOHS Surgery?
Used for cancers that have a high risk of returning goal is to remove all cancer one later at a time
30
Nursing intervention for skin cancer
routine wound care
31
Pt education for prevention of skin cancer
-Avoid direct skin exposure (between 10-4) -wear long sleeves, sunglasses, hats -use sunscreen15 or higher -avoid tanning beds and toxic chemical burns
32
What is HIV
Human immunodeficiency virus -Enters CD4+ T cells and replicates killing T-cells
33
What are clinical manifestations of HIV
34
What are complications from HIV
Opportunistic infections Resp failure Cachexia and wasting
35
How do we diagnose HIV
CBC Serum antibody test Western blot test viral load testing CD4+T cell count other testing
36
What medications are used for HIV
-Antiretrovirals -meds to opportunistic infections -antidepressant -nutrition therapy
37
Prevention for HIV
-Safe sex -Know sex partners -blood and blood components
38
What should we be assessing in a person with HIV?
-nutritional status -skin integrity -respt status -neurologic status fluid and electrolyte balance -knowledge level
39
Rheumatoid Arthritis
-Autoimmune disease -diffuse connective tissue disease -degenerative
40
Causes for RA
Genetics infection female hormones environmental factors occupational exposures
41
What are manifestations of RA
-joint pain -swelling -warmth -erythema -lack of function -deformities -RA nodules
42
What are complications that can come from RA?
-bone marrow suppression -anemia -GI disturbances
43
How do we diagnose RA
-ANA (Antinuclear antibody) -RF (rheumatoid factor) Everything else is extra -CRP, CBC, ESR, Ig, IgM, IgG xray of joints radionuclide scans direct arthroscopy synovial/fluid aspirate synovial membrane biopsy
44
Medical management for RA
-balance of rest and exercise -biologic response modifiers -therapy (occupational therapy is usually for hands) -nutrition
45
Medications for RA
NSAID COX-2 (Celebrex) Methotrexate analgesics immunosuppressants antidepressants steroids
46
Nursing interventions for RA
-Relieve pain -reduce fatigue -increase mobility -facilitate self care -improving body image -monitor for complications
47
What is Lupus?
autoimmune condition that causes inflammation to organs, joints, and tissues Chronic condition with periods of flair ups
48
Risk factors for Lupis
genetics sun exposure infection hormones
49
S/S of lupus
butterfly rash photosensitivity mouth ulcers GI issues joints and muscles mental issues (fog, seizures, fever) heart failure
50
labs used to determine Lupus
ANA ESR CRP CBC
51
Medical management for Lupus
steroids NSAIDS Hydrochloroquine Immunosuppressants Biologics
52
Pt education for Lupus
-teach to determine triggers for flare ups (sun, stress, skickness)
53
What is Gout
Excess Serum uric acid build up can lead to joint damage
54
Uric acid can build up due to what kind of foods?
Foods high in purine? -internal organ meats (liver, kidneys, sweetbrads) -other red meats -alcohol (especially beer) -seafood (anchovies, sardines, scallops)
55
What are manifestations of Gout
-joint pain and inflammation -mostly seen in big tow -can increase risk for kidney stones
56
What meds can increase Gout
aspirin cyclosporin loop and thiazide diuretics
57
What meds help gout
-Allopurinol -Colchicine (ONLY FOR FLAR UPS) -NSAIDS -corticosteroids
58
What is fibromyalgia
Chronic disorder that causes pain and tenderness throughout the body -causes fatiuge and trouble sleeping
59
Manifestations / symptoms of fibromyalgia
-pain and stiffness (all over) -fatigue and tiredness -depression and anxiety -sleep problems -cognitive (thinking, memory, concentration, headaches) -tingling or numbness
60
Risk factors for Fibromyalgia
-Age (usually after 40, but can affect anyone) -gender (women) -stressful events, PTSD -repetitive injuries -illness -family history -obesity
61
Diagnostics for Fibromyalgia
labs: ANA, CRP. ESR, CBS Xrays history
62
Medical management for fibromyalgia
-SSRI/SNRI -Muscle relaxant -gabapentin -Lyrica (pregabalin) -PT
63
What is Psoriasis?
Autoimmune disorder where there is hyperproliferation of the epidermis and inflammation. this leads to scaly patches on the skin
64
Risk factors for Psoriasis
-genetics -stress -smoking and alcohol -infections -obesity -cold, dry air
65
Types of Psoriasis
-Erythrodermc - very red and rashlike (lesions, rate, temperature variations, dysregulation) -Guttate - pink / red spot (activated by upper respt infection -Inverse - located in armpits, groin, skin folds -Plaque (most common) patches that are thick, red, white sclaes -Pustular - pus filled blisters and red skin (activated by chemicals, medication and infections
66
How do we manage psoriasis?
MOISTURIZE! -emollients -Salicylic acid -corticosteroids -antifungal meds to suppress immune system -methotrexate -biological therapy (last option) UV phototherapy
67
What is Eczema? (Atopic Dermatitis)
Chronic inflammatory skin disease, more common in children (5 and under), but can affect adults ***many times goes hand and hand with asthma, allergic rhinitis, and conjunctivitis
68
manifestations of Eczema
dry scaly itchy red rash
69
Medical management for Eczema?
MOISTURIZE corticosteroid creams biologics avoid triggers

Adult Health I (10 decks)

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