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anatomy > Immune System > Flashcards

Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main difference between innate and adaptive immunity?

A

innate is very old and adaptive is more recent (evolution)

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2
Q

What are the two parts of the innate immune system?

A

physical barriers and internal/cell based defenses

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3
Q

What are the two parts of the adaptive immune system?

A

humoral and cellular immunity

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4
Q

What do physical barriers do for the immune system?

A

physical walls to protect body (skin and mucous membranes)

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5
Q

How does internal/cell based defenses help the immune system?

A

cells release chemicals when they recognize a foreign antigen

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6
Q

What are receptors for foreign antigens called?

A

Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRR)

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7
Q

What happens if there is no PRR to recognize a pathogen?

A

the innate cell cannot do anything (happens when there’s a new virus.. covid)

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8
Q

What is an antigen?

A

anything that can be recognized by the immune system… some cause an immune response

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9
Q

What are self antigens?

A

antigens present on normal human cells that are recognized but not attacked

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10
Q

What is going on in the body if someone has an auto immune disease?

A

the body is attacking self antigens

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11
Q

What happens when the body recognizes a foreign antigen?

A

immune response begins

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12
Q

What are the cells of the innate immune system?

A

neutrophils, macrophages, natural killer cells

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13
Q

Which cells can go in out out of blood and lymph nodes (basically anywhere)?

A

neutrophils

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14
Q

What are the two types of macrophages?

A

resident and roaming

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15
Q

What do resident macrophages do?

A

don’t really move around.. primarily found in digestive tract and lungs

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16
Q

What do roaming macrophages do?

A

travel throughout body and go to injuries

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17
Q

What do natural killer cells do?

A

travel through blood and lymph until they find a PRR to attach to cells and cause apoptosis

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18
Q

What chemicals are released by macrophages and neutrophils?

A

prostaglandins and complement proteins

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19
Q

What chemical is released by mast cells?

A

histamine

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20
Q

What is released by virus infected cells?

A

interferons

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21
Q

What do interferons do?

A

block viral replication and recruit phagocytes

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22
Q

What do prostaglandins do?

A

activate neurons to cause pain

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23
Q

What does histamine do?

A

causes vasodilation to increase blood flow which cause redness/heat; causes vessels affected by infection to become leaky and the fluid that leaves is what causes swelling

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24
Q

What are the five cardinal signs of inflammation?

A

redness, heat, pain, swelling, loss of function

25
Q

What can cause inflammation?

A

trauma, chemicals, infection

26
Q

Why is inflammation a good thing?

A

helps to prevent spread, debridement, and is the first step in the repair process

27
Q

What are chemokines?

A

leukocytosis-inducing factors (bring WBC to infection)

28
Q

What happens when leukocytosis occurs?

A

neutrophils quickly come and monocytes follow

29
Q

How does a fever come about?

A

neutrophils/macrophages release pyrogens that go to the hypothalamus to tell the body to warm up

30
Q

What is the complement system?

A

a part of the innate AND adaptive immune system that is made up of plasma proteins that help fight infections

31
Q

How is the complement system activated?

A

1) antibodies from adaptive immune system binding
2) lectin presence on pathogen
3) spontaneous binding to pathogen

32
Q

What is the Membrane Attack Complex (MAC)?

A

hole produced by complements that helps with phagocytosis

33
Q

What are lectins?

A

sugars found on the membrane that help with adhesion

34
Q

What is one of the main goals of the adaptive immune system?

A

create antibodies to bind to foreign ‘stuff’ and activate the MAC in complement

35
Q

Adaptive immune system:

A

forms a specific, unique response to each intruder and results in a systemic reaction in which your whole body feels sicks but it has the ability to remember antigens so the next time you’re exposed the reaction will be much quicker

36
Q

When is the humoral response activated?

A

when there is a clearly foreign pathogen and its easier to clear

37
Q

When is the cell mediated response activated?

A

when the pathogen is ‘hiding’ (virus or cancer cells)

38
Q

What are the adaptive immune system cells?

A

T cells, B cells, antigen-presenting cells (APC)

39
Q

Describe the structure of antibodies.

A

all antibodies have the same constant region but they also have a variable region and that is the part that binds

40
Q

How many foreign antigens can each antibody recognize?

A

one

41
Q

What does the antibody bind to?

A

antigen (antibody generating compound)

42
Q

What cells are activated by the humoral response?

A

naive B cells

43
Q

What two cells are formed as a result of B-cell activation?

A

memory B cells and plasma cells

44
Q

What are the two conditions in order for a B cell to mature?

A

have self tolerance and be immunocompetent (recognize only one antigen)

45
Q

What is negative selection?

A

if a B or T cell binds to and cannot release from an antigen, it gets killed

46
Q

What is positive selection?

A

if a B or T cell binds only weakly to just one antigen, it survives

47
Q

Does every B cell have the same antibody?

A

no

48
Q

What happens when the naive B cell finds its antigen?

A

activates the B cell (makes clones… memory or plasma cells)

49
Q

What does a plasma cell do?

A

release antibodies

50
Q

What does a memory B cell do?

A

use antibody as a receptor

51
Q

Why do all of the activated B cells have the exact same antigen?

A

somatic recombination

52
Q

How does somatic recombination ensure that the clones have the same antibody?

A

cuts out DNA

53
Q

What are the components of the variable region?

A

variabel sections (V), diversity sections (D), joining sections (J)

54
Q

What happens after the naive B cell chooses the 3 sections it wants?

A

makes an antibody with those three and all unused genes are removed from the genome

55
Q

What happens during the primary response?

A

antibodies in blood bind to antigens for the first time and the MAC is activated and neutralization and agglutination occur

56
Q

What is the secondary response?

A

second time the foreign antigen enters your body and the memory B cells that were formed during primary are activated to have a quick response (so fast you often time won’t even feel sick)

57
Q

How do vaccinations work?

A

utilize the secondary response… your body is given an antigen from the pathogen which activates naive B cells to make memory B cells. after the second exposure your body already has antibodies to fight off the pathogen

58
Q

Why do we get boosters?

A

some viruses mutate and antigens change just enough that memory cells no longer bind

anatomy (10 decks)

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