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The body at war > Immune system > Flashcards

Immune system Flashcards

1
Q

examples of first level defense in immune system

A

skin-physical barrier
saliva-chemical barrier
mucus-chemicla barrier
tears and sweat-chemicla barrier
stomach acid-chemcial barrier
hair and cilia-physical barrier

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2
Q

why is the first line of defense considered non-specific

A

not selective about what it blocks from getting into your body

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3
Q

examples of second line of defense in the immune system

A

inflammatory response-

Fever and Shivering-

Phagocytosis-

Blood Clotting and
Vasodilation-

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4
Q

what happesn when pathogen enters your second line of defense

A

inflammatory response

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5
Q

histamine

A

causes inflammation,

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6
Q

complement system

A

assist in both spefic and non specific responses,

part of the immune system that enhances the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear microbes

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7
Q

Why is the third of line of defense considered specific

A

third level of defense is a targetted response to an antigen

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8
Q

cytotoxic t cell

A

type of white blood cell that part of 3rd lien defense that has the ability to destroy cells infected by the pathogen

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9
Q

third level of defense

A

immune cells that target specific antigens and produce B and T cells

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10
Q

where are antigens located

A

located on outer layer of a pathogen

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11
Q

adaptive response(part of third line of defense)

A

specific response to an antigen

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12
Q

what cna Macrophages do

A

can also display the same
antigen on their outer layer after
consumption of the pathogen.

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13
Q

innflamatory response

A

Is the cycle of phagocytosis and
wound repair until all pathogens
have been removed.

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14
Q

Fever and Shivering-

A

process, where pathogens are introduced to raise our body temperature to help, destroy the already existing theinfection/

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15
Q

Phagocytosis

A

This is the process whereby white blood cells come into the affected area
and consume any
pathogen.

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16
Q

Blood Clotting and
Vasodilation

A

the widening of blood vessels as a result of the relaxation of the blood vessel’s muscular walls which leads to blood clotting

17
Q

characteristics of first line of defense

A

prevents entry to body

17
Q

characterisitcs of second line of defense

A

attacks pathogens
phagocytes
innflmation of tissue

18
Q

characteristics of third line of defense

A

Lymphocytes
attack pathogens
swollen glands
produces antibodies

19
Q

a. Why do many species of bacteria and fungi find it difficult to grow on skin?

A

Skin is dry and slightly acidic, which prevents the growth of many bacteria and fungi.

20
Q

Suggest three ways in which foreign particles might be able to enter your body.

A

mouth
nose
eyes
open skin

21
Q

T cells protect us from disease by?

A

by destroying foreign cells.

22
Q

immunisation

A

act of introducing a vaccine into the body to protect someone from a speifciifc disaese

23
Q

what is Active immunity and passive immunity

A

Active immunity occurs when our own immune system is responsible for protecting us from a pathogen. Passive immunity occurs when we are protected from a pathogen by immunity gained from someone else

24
Q

what is Natural passive immunity and artificial passive immunity

A

In natural passive immunity, a person receives antibodies from an external source, such as passing from a mother’s milk to an infant. In artificial passive immunity, antibodies are injected into the patient.

25
Q

what is Natural active immunity and artificial active immunity

A

Natural active immunity is when antibodies are made after exposure to an antigen. In artificial active immunity, antibodies are made after exposure to a killed or weakened pathogen.

26
Q

. Describe herd immunity.

A

when a large part of the population of an area is immune to a specific disease

27
Q

2 types of immunity

A

passive
active

28
Q

examples of third line of defense

A

adaptive response
release of cytotoxic t cells

29
Q

Does the vaccine provide life-long protection? If not, how often should people be given a booster shot of the vaccine to remain protected?

A

No, a booster vaccine every ten years is required for immunity

30
Q

Explain why the World Health Organization states that 95% of the population needs to be vaccinated against a pathogen to maintain herd immunity.

A

provides the best situation for herd immunity to occur.

31
Q

Predict what happens when vaccination rates drop to 80% of the population.

A

more people in the community carry the pathogen and infect others, leading to the spread of the pathogen,

32
Q

phagocyte

A

immune cell that kills pathogens and foregin cells

33
Q

In a babys first few weeks of life, which types of immunity do they rely on

A

herd immunity ad antiobodies via breast milk

34
Q

are antibodies located on the outside of a pathogen

A

no, only antigens

35
Q

antigen antbody complex

A

molecule formed from the binding of multiple antigens to antibodies.

The body at war (13 decks)

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