Immune/lymphatic disorders Flashcards
Function of immune system
- Defense against infectious disease-causing agents
- Protects against mutations of our own cells (that can become tumors)
- Destroys unknown/foreign substances
- Recognizes a specific invader and develops a coordinated response
Components of immune system
- lymph vessels and nodes
- tonsils
- thymus (t cells)
- spleen (antibodies and lymphocytes and monocytes - WBC)
Antigen
A foreign substance (irritant/chemical/organism) that elicits an immune response
- antibody generator
Antibody
A protein produced in response to antigen that destroys or inactivated it
Cell markers
Unique molecules on cell membrane (what makes “you” different)
Incubation period
Time between exposure and start of symptoms (PIC)
Immunity
Body recognizes/responds/remembers harmful substances or bacteria
- innate vs acquired (natural—exposure is not deliberate— and artificial—exposure is deliberate) work in tandem and simultaneously
Phagocytes
Ingest foreign cells
- macrophages
- monocytes (WBC)
- granulocytes (short-lived): neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
Lymphocytes
Produce antibodies
- natural killer cells (NK): secrete cytokines
- B cells: humeral
- T cells: cell-mediated
Innate immunity
- natural/native
- body’s first line of defense to prevent pathogen entry
- non-specific - doesn’t differentiate or remember pathogen
- army infantry
3 lines of defense
- Skin and mucosal barriers
- Nonspecific inflammation to all cell injury
- Specific immune response
Non-specific
Tears, nose, intestines,
- mucus membrane
- intact skin
- inflammatory response
- phagocytosis of bacteria by WBC
- same response regardless of type of pathogen
Acquired immunity
Adaptive/specific: generated in nodes/spleen mucosa
- Natural immunity
- active: disease produces immunity
- passive: immunity passed mother to fetus though placenta or milk - Artificial immunity
- active: vaccination. Antigen exposure
- passive: antibody. protective material developed in individual immune system and give to previously non-immune individual
Humoral acquired immunity
Mediated by antibodies in saliva, blood, vaginal secretions
- produces by B cells form bone marrow and extracellular fluid
- faster than cell
- passive transfer
Cell-mediated acquired immunity
- all viruses/some bacteria hide inside cells
- use T cells to recognize and destroy hidden antigens
- responsible for transplant rejection, delayed hypersensitivity. Some autoimmune diseases
- cannot passively transfer
Pic
Pic green
Innate changes with aging
thinning of skin, decreased acidity in GI, phagocytes decreased function, platelet aggregation increases, decreased peripheral circulation
Acquired chagnes with aging
Decline in humoral and cell0mediated immunity so difficult acting likely due to T cell inappropriate/insufficient help
Fun fact about aging
In contrast to young adults, intense exercise does not decrease immunity not does it increase infection rate
Moderate exercise
- increased neutrophils
- greater with eccentric contraction etc
- delayed 2nd boost in neutrophils with ex >30 min
- NK enhancement likely due to epinephrine levels and cytokines
- increased WBC count
Intense/strenuous exercise
Suppresses:
- lymphocytes
- killer cell activity
- decreased oxygen to DNA
- requires 6-24 hr recover
Immunodeficiency
Absent or depressed immune response due to a loss of function of one or more components of the immune system
- Congenital: deficiencies involve a basic developmental failure, defect T cells, B cells, and lymphoid tissue, genetic
- Acquired: deficiencies refer to loss of the immune response due to specific causes and may occur at any time, underlying disease blocks immune response
AIDS
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
- chronic infectious disease due to HIV retrovirus
- HIV kills T cells, resulting in loss of immune response and increased susceptibility to secondary infection
- changes in humoral immunity and autoimmunity
- AIDS is the active infection, with marked clinical manifestations
Leukemia and Hodgkin’s disease
- Asymptomatic: positive for HIV but clinically healthy, exercise is safe
- Early symptomatic: more compromised immune system, fatigue, non-specific symtoms, low intensity exercise, individualized tax
- Advanced: many neuro symptoms, skin infections, wasting, pneumonia
Rehab for pt with immunodificiency
- Pain control
- Energy conservation
- Adaptive equipment instruction
- Chronic disease management
Hypersensitivity
Exaggerated/inappropriate immune response
- overreaction to antigen, substance, allergen
Hypersensitivity rxn
- Immediate/anaphylactic reactions
- Cytotoxic reactions
- Immune complex region
- Cell meditated hypersensitivity
Type 1: immediate / anaphylactic rxn
Allergic regions
- genetic predisposition involved
- allergen = antigen
- large amounts of histamines are released from mast cells into general circulation
- results in systemic vasodilation
- significant drop in BP and edema formation in lungs (no airflow)
S&S and treatment for type 1 hypersensitivity
- S&S: hypotension, swelling, wheezing, nasal secretion, anaphylaxis, urticaria, redness, hives, itchy
- Treatment: epinenphrine, keep warm, 911, CPR
Type 2: cytotoxic reaction (S&S)
- result of antibodies that react with antigens within the body’s own tissues
- cellular membrane disrupted/destroyed
- S&S: malaise, hives, sneezing, hoarseness, dyspnea, vomiting, tachycardia, anxiety, seizure
Type 3: immune complex region (S&S)
- antigen-antibody complex circulating deposit in tissue causing inflammation and local tissue damage
- wheals, RA, synovitis =, pleuritis, pericarditis, vasculitis, systemic lupus,erythmatous
- S&S: HA, back pain, chest pain, N/V, tachycardia, hypotension, hematuria, urticaria
Type 4: cell-mediated hypersensitivity (S&S)
- delayed hypersensitivy response
- contact dermatitis after sensitization to allergen
- lotion, poison ivy, latex
- S&S: fever, aarthalgis, lymphadenopathy, urticaria, anemia
Autoimmune disorders
- body fails to distinguish self from non-self, immune system becomes self destructive
- the exact process by which autoimmunity develops has not been established, combination of genetics, hormonal, environmental, viruses, stress (aka unknown etiology)
Lupus
Body produces antibodies against its own cells
- triggered by sun
Lymph
- specialized fluid formed in the tissue spaces that is transported by lymphatic vessels to eventually re-enter the circulatory system
- the system functions to return excess interstitial fluid and protein to the blood, to filter and destroy unwanted material from the body fluids and to initiate an immune response
