Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

S2 PTA 104 disease > Cardiac > Flashcards

Cardiac Flashcards

1
Q

Heart layers

A

?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Heart chambers

A

?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Heart valves

A

?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Circulation

A

?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Conduction system

A

?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Baroreceptors

A

?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Blood pressure

A

?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Electrical system pic

A

Pic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

HTN

A

Hypertension - high blood pressure

  • systolic: pressure exterted by the heart when it contracts
  • diastolic: pressure in arteries and arterioles between heart beats
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

HTN Pic

A

Pic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

HTN S&S

Risk factors

A

S&S
- most are asymptomatic - dull headaches - dizziness - nose bleeds - sweating (diaphoresis) - flushing - blurred vision - BP >140/90

Risk factors
- genetics - family history - age - stress -lifestyle - diet (high Na+ intake, ETOH) - pre-existing conditions - pre-hypertension (1/3 Americans)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

HTN treatment

A

Only 54% have it under control

  1. Lifestyle changes: weight loss, exercise, relaxation techniques, and decrease alcohol consumption, smoking, caffeine intake
  2. Medications: diuretics, ACE inhibitors, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Diuretics

A

Removes excess sodium and water through kidneys, blocks their reabsorption

  • water pills
  • useful in tax of HTN and CHF, increases urine output, reduces blood volume, and edema
  • also removes potassium, requires a replacement
  • lasix
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

ACE inhibitors

A

Angiotensin-converting enzyme

  • prevents an enzyme from producing angiotensin II, a substance that narrows blood vessels and releases hormones that can raise blood pressure
  • this narrowing can cause high blood pressure
  • captopril, vasotec
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Beta blockers

A

Block the beta-adrenergic receptors in the heart to prevent increased heart activity

  • blocks effects of the hormone epinephrine (adrenaline)
  • heart beats more slowly and with less force, reducing blood pressure
  • beat blockers also help blood vessels open up to improve blood flow
  • very important for us to know when a pt is on this, because HR wont increase with exercise!
  • atenolol, lopressor
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Calcium channel blockers

A

Prevents calcium form entering cardiac and smooth muscle cells (blood vessels), results in lower blood pressure

  • relax and widen blood vessels by affecting muscle cells in the arterial walls
  • decreases cardiac contactility, helping to prevent arrhythmia
  • cadizem
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

CHD

A

Coronary artery (heart) disease

  • lack of adequate blood flow to cardiac muscle tissue
  • includes angina pectoris, MI, and arteriosclerosis
  • risk factors: smoking, high cholesterol, HTN, DM, stress, family history, obesity, and sedentary lifestyle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Arteriosclerosis

A

Hardening of the arteries

  • idiopathic (multi-factorial)
  • over time and too much pressure: walls of the arteries lose their elasticity and become thick and hard
  • often associated with HTN
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Most common form of arteriosclerosis

  • presence of plaques inside walls of large arteries
  • plaque made up of fat, cholesterol, calcium, and other substances found in the blood
  • over time plaque hardens and narrows arteries, limits oxygen-rich blood to organs and other parts of the body
  • slow, progressive disease
  • no symptoms until 75% blockage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Risk factors for atherosclerosis

Treatment

A

Age - gender - family history - lifestyle - cigarette smoking - diet - DM - HTN

Treatment

  • Lowering cholesterol through diet and/or medication
  • decrease sodium intake
  • control of high blood pressure
  • smoking cessation
  • possible surgical intervention
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Diagnostic test for arteriosclerosis and/or atherosclerosis

A
  • blood work to check cholesterol levels
  • exercise stress test
  • angiogram
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Cardiovascular changes

A
  • Coronary atherosclerosis: most common cause of hospitalization and death in US
  • aging: cardiac fibrosis, decreased mochetas and capillary density
  • female hearts: smaller, anatomically and hypertrophic stimuli different, left ventricle mass increases with age (estrogen is cardio protective)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Angina pectoris

A

Sub sternal chest pain after exertion

  • pain or tightness typically on the left side of the chest may radiate to left arm/back/jaw
  • dyspnea
  • BP may also increase
  • pallor
  • diaphoresis
  • nausea
  • cyanosis (blue lips and nails)
  • typically a symptom of MI
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Angina pectoris

  • etiology
  • precipitating factors
  • treatment
A
  1. Etiology: insuffficient myocardial blood supply, vasospasm, myocardial hypertrophy, respiratory disease, sever anemia
  2. Precipitating factors: increased activity, emotions, respiratory infection, extreme weather/pollution, large meals
  3. Treatment: rest, vasodilators, nitroglycerin, avoid stressors, anti-anxiety and stress edu
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

MI S&S

A

Myocardial infarction
- chest pain - sense of heaviness in chest - nausea/vomiting - arrhythmia - sweating - hypotension - weakness - shortness of breath - light-headedness - Levine sign

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

MI etiology

A

Most heart attacks are caused by a blood clot that blocks one of the coronary arteries

  • most common cause is atherosclerosis
  • infarction may develop in 3 ways:
    1. Thrombus builds up to obstruct artery
    2. Vasospasm occurs
    3. Part of the thrombus breaks away forming an embolus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

MI pathophysiology

A
  • coronary artery is totally obstructed
  • heart tissue becomes necrotic
  • necrotic zone - area of injury, inflammation, and ischemia around nectroci tissue
  • myocardial contractility and conduction lost quickly as O2 supply is depleted
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

MI treatment

A
  • cardiac rehabilitation: exercise program and lifestyle modification
  • possible surgery: coronary artery bypass surgery and coronary angioplasty
  • medications: aspirin, blood thinners, nitroglycerin, beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, CA channel blockers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

CABG

A

Coronary artery bypass graft (open heart surgery)

  • veins from pt’s leg grafted to replace damaged coronary artery
  • sternal precautions: per surgeon, limites on pulling, pushing, overhead reaching, and driving for 2 months
30
Q

PT for CHD

A

Be aware of pt’s medications, need for oxygen (at rest and during exercises/activities), dietary restrictions

  • DNR do not resuscitate
  • DNI do no intubate
31
Q

Phase 1 of cardiac rehab

A
  • takes place in the hospital
  • pt edu about life changes
  • encourage family support
  • educate pt in bed mobility skills
  • ankle pumps to prevent DVT’s
  • transfer training following sternal precautions
  • gait training
32
Q

Phase 2 of cardiac rehab

A
  • takes place in outpatient settings
  • education for self monitoring of vitals
  • ADLs
  • upper body AROM exercises
  • treadmill activities
  • stationary bike
33
Q

Phase 3 of cardiac rehab

A
  • takes place when the pt is discharged from outpatient PT, but continues in a community based program or voluntary program of a pt’s choice
  • pt continues a fitness program and activities of their choice in the community or at home
  • progressing after precautions are lifted to resistance exercises
34
Q

Deep vein thrombosis

A
  • most common CV disease after acute conornary artery and stroke
  • 30-60% major surgery, CV pathology develop DVT up to 4 weeks after operation or incident
  • risk factors: immobility, trauma, lifestyle, hyper-coagulation, >60, DM, genetics (virchow’s triad)
  • Tx: anti-coagulation, 24 hours bedrest, compression, heparin, avoid straining activities
  • can lead to PT, venous stasis, insufficiency
35
Q

Wells prediction rule

A
  • active cancer (treatment within 6 months or palliation) 1 pt
  • paralysis, paresis, or immobilization of lower extremity 1 pt
  • bedridden for more than 3 days because of surgery (within 4 weeks) 1 pt
  • localized tenderness along distribution of deep veins 1 pt
  • entire leg swollen 1 pt
  • unilateral calf swelling of greater than 3 cm (below tibial tuberosity) 1 pt
  • unilateral pitting edema 1 pt
  • collateral superficial veins 1 pt
  • alternative diagnosis as likely as or more likely than DVT -2 pt

0 pt = 3% chance
1-2 pt = 17% chance
3+ = 75% chance

36
Q

CHF

A

Congestive heart failure

  • no a specific disease but a complication of HTN and ischemia
  • results in the inability of the heart to pump enough blood
  • blood backs up into the pulmonary veins
37
Q

CHF

S&S and treatment

A

S&S: dyspnea - orthopnea - tachypnea - anxiety - bilateral leg edema - cough - fatigue - diaphoresis - restlessness - confusion

Treatment: exercise - low sodium diet - medications (ACE inhibitor, beta blockers, diuretics in later stage)

38
Q

Valve disorders

- etiology

A

When working properly, valves prevent backflow of blood

  • tricuspid
  • bicuspid / mitral
  • aortic and pulmonary SL valves
  • etiology: congenital defect into e valve structure, infection or inflammation due to infection, results in inefficient blood flow through the heart and decreased cardiac output
39
Q

Valve disorders S&S

A
  • individuals my be asymptomatic
  • fatigue
  • heart murmur
  • abnormal hear sound
  • possible tachycardia
  • treatment: valve replacement and meds
40
Q

Endocarditis

A
  1. etiology:
    - defective heart valves low virulent (strep) = subacute
    - normal valves highly virulent organism (staph) = acute
  2. Signs
    - subacute: heart murmur, low grade fever, fatigue, anorexia
    - acute: sudden spiking fever, chills, drowsiness
  3. Diagnosis: blood culture
  4. Treatment: anti-microbial drugs, support heart function
41
Q

Arrhythmia

A

Electrical disturbances

  • deviations from normal cardiac rate or rhythm d/t damage to the heart’s conduction system
  • arrhythmia reduce the efficiency fo the heart’s pumping cycle
42
Q

Electrocardiogram

A

A graphical recording of the cardiac cycle

  • conduction of impulses in the heart produces an electric current that is picked up by electrodes placed on the skin
  • 5 or 12 lead
43
Q

ECG/EKG

A

Electrocardiogram shows

  • speed of heart rate
  • rhythm of the heart beat (steady or irregular)
  • the strength and timing of electrical signals as they pass through each part of the heart
44
Q

Pic

A

Pic

45
Q

Bradycardia

A

Slower than normal heart rate, typically under 60 bpm

  • caused by parasympathetic or vagus nerve stimulation
  • fainting may occur with sinus bradycardia
  • may need a pacemaker
46
Q

Syncope

A

Fainting

  • cardiac syncope: arrhythmias, orthostatic hypotensin, aortic dissection, hypoglycemia, CAD
  • vasovagal syncope: systemic vasodilation resulting in cerebral hypoperfusion (abnormal reflex); occurs after prolonged sitting or standing
47
Q

Sinus tachycardia

A

Rapid firing of the sinoatrial (SA) node

  • in response to exercise, exertion, excitement, pain, fever, excessive thyroid hormone, ow blood oxygen (hypoxia), or stimulant drugs (such as caffeine and amphetamines), etc.
  • typically over 100 bpm
48
Q

Ventricular tachycardia

A

Abnormal, rapid heart rhythm originating from the ventricle

- likely to reduce cardiac output because the filling time is reduced

49
Q

Sinus arrhythmia

A

A slight variation in cycling of the sinus rhythm

  • a normal finding in children and young adults, tends to diminish or disappear with age
  • more prominent with fluctuation in the respiratory cycle as heart rate accelerates with inspiration, slows with experiration
50
Q

Atrial fibrillation

A

Atria beat chaotically and irregularly, out of coordination with the ventricles

  • irregular and often rapid heart rate that commonly causes poor blood flow to the body
  • common symptoms: heart palpitations, shortness of breath and weakness
51
Q

Premature venricular contraction (PVC)

A

Extra abnormal heartbeats that begin in one of the two ventricles

  • these extra beats disrupt the regular rhythm, sometimes causing a flip-flop or skipped beat
  • no preceded by a p wave
52
Q

Ventrículo fibrillation

A

Life threatening

  • abnormal irregular heart rhythm
  • very rapid, uncoordinated, fluttering contractions of the ventricles
  • most commonly associated with heart attacks or scarring of the heart muscle from previous heart attack
  • causes severe hypoxia in the cardiac muscle
53
Q

Echocardiogram

A

Echo

  • ultrasound waves create a moving picture of the heart
  • more detailed than a plain x-ray image, no radiation exposure
  • see how the heart is beating and pumping blood
  • can detect congenital heart defects in unborn babies
54
Q

Cardiac catheterization

A

Checks for blockages in coronary arteries

  • catheter inserted in artery or vein groin, neck or arm, threaded through blood vesssels to heart
  • used to located narrowing, aneurysm or blockages in blood vessels by injecting dye
  • post op precautions:
    1. Prevent bleeding and infection on first day bathroom privileges only
    2. For 2 days: no driving, lifting >20 lbs, deep knee bends, or pushing/pulling
55
Q

Angiogram

A

Die in the heart to see shit

56
Q

Exercise stress test

A

Max or sub max

  • how the heart responds to exertion
  • treadmill or pedaling stationary bike at increasing levels of difficulty, while electrocardiogram, heart rate, and blood pressure are monitored
  • astrand-rhyming bruce, YMCA, 6 MWT, step test
57
Q

Vasodilators

A

Dilate coronary blood vessels, reducing peripheral resistance

  • work directly on artery wall muscles, preventing them from tightening and narrowing
  • results in improved balance between O2 supply and demand; blood flows more easily through the arteries, the heart doesn’t need to pump as heard and blood pressure is reduced
  • nitroglycerin
58
Q

Digoxin

A

To for heart failure and atrial dysrhthmias

  • slows conduction of impulses and pulse
  • improves efficiency by increasing contractility
  • narrow range between efffective and toxic
59
Q

Anticoagulants

A

Blood thinners

  • reduces risk of blood clots in coronary or systemic arteries
  • tend to prevent new clots from forming or an existing clot from enlarging
  • the don’t dissolve a blood clot
  • aspirin, Coumadin
60
Q

Pericarditis

A

Inflammation of pericardium

  1. Pathogenesis: epicardium and parietal pericardium rub together due to edema cardiac tamponase (compression of the heart)
  2. Etiology: trauma, viral/bacterial infection, neoplasms, radiation-induced
  3. Symptoms: sharp chest pain, aggravated by coughing or in supine
  4. Signs: fever, SOB, friction rub (sound)
  5. Diagnostic: abnormal ECT, echocardiogram
  6. Therapy: rest, anti-inflammatories, NO EXERCISE
61
Q

Myocarditis

A
  • inflammation of heart muscle
  • etiology: viral/bacterial/fungal infection
  • S&S: chest pain, abnormal heart ear, fatigue, fever, bilateral leg swelling, SOB
  • therapy: decrease activities, medications (antibiotic, inflammatory, diuretics)
62
Q

Cardiomyopathy

A

Disease of heart muscle - enlarged, thick and rigid heart muscle

  • etiology: acquired or inherited
  • treatment: surgery, devices, lifestyle changes
63
Q

Aortic aneurysm

A

Dilation and weakening of arterial wall

  • etiology: atherosclerosis, trauma, syphilis, infections, congenital HTN
  • S&S: palpable pulsating, dysphasia, severe pain
  • Diagnosis: radiography, US, CT, MRI
  • treatment: surgery, graft, avoid exertion, stress
64
Q

Peripheral vascular disease

A
  1. Arteries: vasculitis, buerger’s disease, arteritis

2. Veins: DVT, varicose veins, chronic venous insufficiency, raynaud’s

65
Q

PVD info

A
  • etiology: atherosclerosis
  • S&S: intermittent claudicación ( pain with min activity) and wounds
  • Surgical treatment: revascularization (by-pass)
  • medical treatment: ACE inhibitors, statins, antiplatelet agents
  • PT to: supervised exercise training significantly improves walking ability
66
Q

Lymphatic system components

A

Secondary circulation

  • tonsils
  • spleen
  • thymus gland
  • lymph nodes
  • lymphatic vessels
67
Q

Lymphatic system functions

A

Prevents interstitial edema

  • assists in the digestion of fats
  • immunological functions
  • makes WBC
  • drains all but CNS tissue in regions
68
Q

Lymphedema defined

A
  • abnormal accumulation of protein rich fluid in the interstitium
  • results in chronic inflammation and reactive fibrosis of the tissues
  • progressive
  • primary
  • secondary
69
Q

lymphedema S&S

A
  • onset may be slow or rapid
  • progressive
  • pitting (varies)
  • often starts distally: squaring of toes, stemmer’s sign positive, loss of anatomicalal contours, asymmetrical
  • cellulitis
  • discomfort is common (heavy, achy)
  • skin changes (later stages- hyperkeratosis, papilloma)
  • ulceration are unusual
  • in contrast with venous disease the skin maintains hydration and elasticity for longer in the disease process
70
Q

5 components of complete decongestive therapy

A
  1. Manual lymph drainage
  2. Compression bandaging
  3. Exercise
  4. Skin and nail care
  5. Instructive in self-care

S2 PTA 104 disease (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions