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S2 PTA 104 disease > Digestion > Flashcards

Digestion Flashcards

1
Q

Digestive S&S

A
  • anorexia
  • nausea/vomiting
  • diarrhea/contsitpation
  • fluid and electrolytes imbalances
  • pain
  • malnutrition
  • impaired mobility
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2
Q

Diagnostic testing

Common therapies

A

Radiographs - CT - MRI - EGD - Colo - laparoscopy - stool analysis - blood tests

Team approach - dietary - stress reduction - meds - mobility tx

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3
Q

GI divisions

A

Upper, lower, visceral

- separated by ligament of treitz, located at the duodeno-jejunal flexure

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4
Q

Temporomandibular disorder

A

Upper and lower jaw imbalances

  • arthritis, clenching, mm spasms
  • S&S: pain, stiffness, decreased ROM, clicking, HA, mal-occlusion
  • Rx: soft food, splints, modalities, meds, surgery, manual techniques, relaxation and postural edu
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5
Q

Hiatal hernia

A

Stomach protrudes thru gap in diaphragm

  • etiology: weak diaphragm, increased abdominal pressure
  • enlarges lower esophagus allowing stomach acids into esophagus and food can lodge in pouch
  • S&S: heartburn, burning, acid reflux, dysphasia, pt unable to lie flat
  • prognosis: can lead to GERD due to incompetent sphincter and acid reflux
  • Tx: antacids, elevate head of bed
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6
Q

GERD

A

Gastroesophageal reflux disease

  • backflow of stomach acid into esophagus
  • lower esophageal sphincter defect, slow stomach emptying, and hiatal hernia
  • S&S: bruins and pressure behind breastbone, bleeding, paring after meals, belching sore throat, N/V, difficulty swallowing
  • tx: lifestyle change (avoid caffeine, fats, ETOH, spice, smoking) antacids, meds surgeries
  • can lead to esophagus CA
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7
Q

Ulcers

A

Crater like lesions in mucosa of stomach, duodenum, esophagus

  • hemorrhage as acid penetrates musical barries, continues inflammation and damage walls, invades blood vessels which leads to bleeding, can perforate smooth muscles, may lead to systemic inflammation
  • etiology: infection, H pyloric bacteria secretes cytotoxic and enzymes, pain meds (ASA, NSAIDS), ETOH, virus, smoking, GERD and stress
  • S&S: pain after meals, heartburn, N/V, weight loss or gain, fatigue
  • Tx: antibiotics, acid reducers, surgery, decrease exacerbating factors (coffee)
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8
Q

Gastritis

A

Stomach lining inflammation

  • erosive gastritis = hemorrhage = peptic ulcer
  • non-erosive = chronic gastritis
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9
Q

Gastroparesis

A
  • slow emptying of the stomach due to weakness of stomach mm
  • etiology: idiopathic - diabetes - neurologic dx
  • S&S: vomiting, weight loss, bloating, heartburn, and loss of appetite
  • Dx: EGD, US
  • Tx: small, frequent meals; reglan
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10
Q

Gastroenteritis

A

Stomach and intestine inflammation due to bacteria, virus, parasites, allergies

  • traveler, food poisoning, flu, norovirus, spreads easily
  • S&S: diarrhea, fever, pain, n?v, seat, bloating, flatulence, fatigue, HA, dehydration
  • Dx: upper GI endoscopy, US
  • Tx: hand washing to prevent spread and dependent upon cause, antibiotics
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11
Q

Crohn’s

A

Chronic inflammatory bowel syndrome (teens), ulcerative colitis (adults), pattern of remission. Exacerbation

  • etiology: autoimmune, genetic
  • any area of GI tract and most common in small intestines. Inflammation, skip lesions distribution
  • S&S: diarrhea with blood, cramping, RLQ pain, anorexia, fatigue, malnutrition, anemia, arthritis
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12
Q

Celiac spruce

A

Small intestine malabsorption due to gluten intolerance

  • immunological disease damage to small instinct lining which interferes with absorption
  • 1/3000
  • no cure
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13
Q

Appendicities

A

Common in young adults 1/2000

  • etiology: inflammation of appendix after infection due to blockage of opening of appendix
  • S&S: abnormal pain, right lower abdomen = McBurney’s point, diarrhea/constipation, n/v, loss of appetite
  • sepsis can occur
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14
Q

Diverticulitis

A

Inflammation of pouch in colon, can perforate, abscess, peritoriets, fistula

  • risks: low fiber diet, no exercise, processed food
  • S&S: abdominal pain, anorexia, constipation/diarrhea, fever, flatulence, n/v, bowel changes
  • rx: change diet, surgery, meds, ed rest, potassium, antimicrobials, liquid diet
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15
Q

IBS

A

Doesn’t damage intestines

  • S&S: alternating diarrhea/constipation, abdominal pain, bloating, urgent BM, depression, >12 was/year
  • to: diet, increase fiber/small/frequent, decrease stress, meds, sleep, teach relation and exercise
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16
Q

Pancreatitis

A

Acute (med emergency) or chronic

  • inflammation o pancreas due to auto digestion of tissue (inflammation, bleeding, necrosis, peritoneal inflammation)
  • risks: etoh, severe gallstones, trauma, viral infections, meds, hyper calcium/lipids, CF
  • S&S: sever left upper abdominal pain into back, shock signs, low BP, sweating, low grade fever, weakness
  • Tx: stop oral intake, shock, electrolyte balance, pain meds, decrease ETOH, change diet, decrease fats
17
Q

Cholelithiasis

A

Gallbladder stones block common bile duct

  • males > females
  • genetic predisposition, high chosterol or bilirubin, DM, Crown’s, obesity, cirrhosis, trauma
  • gallbladder inflammation = cholecystitis
  • S&S: severe bouts of pain right upper abdomen/scapula (MI), fever, jaundice, indigestion, acid reflux, gas
18
Q

Cirrhosis

A

Fibrosis of the liver leading to liver failure d/t permanent scarring

  • liver enlarges ethen reduces and unable to function, feels hard and effects other systems
  • due to ETOH, obesity, hepatitis, CF
  • S&S: diarrhea, malnutrition, enlarged spleen, bruise easily, jaundice
  • Tx: transplant, meds
19
Q

Urinary system

A
  • removes waste
  • regulates water/electrolytes
  • regulates BP
  • activates vitamin D
20
Q

Urinalysis

  1. Hematuria
  2. Proteinuria
  3. Bacteria
  4. Urinary casts
A

Normal clear straw color, mild odor, pH 4.5-8.0

  1. Blood associated with infection, inflammation, or tumors
  2. Albumin or plasma proteins
  3. Indicates infection
  4. Cylindrical structures proved by kidneys glucose and ketones
21
Q

Incontinence

A

Loss of voluntary control

  • stress: increased intra-abdominal pressure forces ruin, coughing, lifting, laughing
  • overflow: incompetent bladder sphincter
  • retention: inability to empty
  • catheter: tube inserted into urethra drains into bag
22
Q

Neurogenic bladder

A

Spastic smooth mm

  • nerve supply interrupted by SCI, tumo, Alzheimer’s, MS
  • incontinence, decreased capacity, inability to empty
23
Q

Cystitis

A
  • bladder wall and urethra inflamed, so wall irritable reducing capacity due to infection
  • interstitial cystitis or painful bladder syndrome
  • S&S: pain in lower abdomen, dysuria, urgency, nocturia, systemic infection signs, cloudy or unusual odor urine
24
Q

UTI

A

Women > men, men secondary to prostatic hypertrophic, congenital abnormalities

  • growth of microorganisms (e coli) in UT, perineal area - bladder - ureters - kidneys
  • tx: antimibrial/biotic/bacterial meds, increase fluid intake, diet modification to decrease acid, pelvic floor exercises
25
Q

Kidney stones

A

1/2 million to ER / year

  • calculi = urinary stones
  • excessive insoluble salts, decreased fluid intake
  • S&S: sudden/severe pain at night, sweat, n/v, urgency/frequency
  • Tx: small stones passed, large stones fragmented (lithotripsy or surgery)
26
Q

Renal failure

A

Acute kidney failure = loss of funciton of kidneys with change in electrolytes and fluid balance

  • chronic and irreversible
  • due to reduced blood flow to kidneys, dehydration, systemic diseases, hypotension
  • S&S: malaise, weakness, n/v, seizures, disorientation, mood changes, bad breath, LE edema
27
Q

Dialysis

A
  1. Artificial kidney indicated for: acute renal failure or end stage kidney failure
  2. Hemodialysis: at hospital, shunt, 3x/week 3-6 hrs
  3. Peritoneal: home unit
28
Q

Fluid and electrolyte imbalance

A
  • burns - surgery - diabetes - cancer - ETOH abuse - meds
  • S&S: fluid overload (confusion, headache seizures, pulmonary congestion, outdoing pulse, increase BP and JVD, tachycardia, anorexia, nausea) or dehydration (low BP, headache, confusion, irritability, rapid pulse)
29
Q

Electrolytes

A
  1. Sodium: influences water retention and loss
  2. Potassium: needed for these pumps
  3. Calcium: important for bone, GI tract, kidney, mm and nerve excitation
  4. Magnesium: works at the myoneural junction
30
Q

5 signs of dehydration

A
  1. Dry, chapped lips
  2. Headaches
  3. Dry skin
  4. Achy joints
  5. Fatigue
  • older adults have decreased thirst!
  • referred pain: affects stomach, pancreas, ovaries

S2 PTA 104 disease (15 decks)

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