Immune/Infection Flashcards
Vancomycin is used to treat infections caused by which organisms?
Parentally (IV)
- staphylococcal spp (gram +)
- streptococcal spp (gram+)
PO
- Clostridium Dificile (C-Dif) (gram +)
- staphylococcal spp (including MRSA)
How is vancomycin eliminated from the body?
- feces if given PO, poorly absorbed from GIT
- urine if given parentally, not removed by HD
What is the half-life for vancomycin?
4-11 hours
- increased in patients with renal insufficiency or impairment
What are the most common organisms that cause septic shock?
- staphylcoccus aureus (gram +)
- streptococcus pneumoniae (gm +)
- enteric gram-negative bacilli
Which empiric antibiotics are recommended to treated septic shock?
Vancomycin plus one of the below:
- piperacillin-tazobactam (zosyn)
- imipenem
- meropenem (merrem)
- cefepine
Piperacillin-tazobactam is also known as?
Zosyn
What type of bacteria is pseudomonas aeruginosa?
gram-negative aerobic bacillus
What class of antibiotic is piperacillin-tazobactam (zosyn)?
- piperacillin = anti-pseudomonal pcn
- tazobactam = beta-lactamase inhibitor
Vancomycin is what class of antibiotic?
tricyclic glycopeptide antibiotic
- bactericidal
- inhibits RNA synthesis in gram positive bacteria
IV Vancomycin is used to treat which infections caused by which pathogen(s)?
- staphylococcal spp
- streptococcal spp
PO Vancomycin is used to treat which type of infections?
- diarrhea associated with clostridium difficile (C-Dif)
- enterocolitis d/t staphylococcus aureus (including MRSA)
IV Vancomycin is used to treat which infection(s)?
- septicemia
- infective endocarditis
- skin and skin structure infections
- bone infections
- lower respiratory tract infections
Linezolid is also known as what?
Zyvox
Linezolid (Zyvox) is used to treat infections caused by which pathogen(s)?
gram-positive bacteria
- staphylococcus aureus
- streptococcus pneumoniae
- streptococcus pyogenes
- streptococcus agalactie
- mycoplasma pneumoniae
- chlamydia pneumoniae
Which organism(s) are the most common cause(s) of community-acquire pneumonia (CAP)?
- chlamydia pneumia
- haemophilus influenza
- mycoplasma pneumoniae
- streptococcus pneumoniae
Which organism(s) are the most common cause(s) of pneumonia in a non-ICU patient?
- chlamydia pneumia
- haemophilus influenza
- mycoplasma pneumoniae
- streptococcus pneumoniae
- legionella spp
Which organism(s) are the most common cause(s) of pneumonia in an ICU patient?
- chlamydia pneumia
- haemophilus influenza
- mycoplasma pneumoniae
- streptococcus pneumoniae
- legionella spp
- staphylococcus aurea
What is tissue tropism?
the ability of a pathogen to infect and grow in a specific tissue or cell type of a host
What is the term for the ability of a pathogen to infect and grow in a specific tissue or cell type of a host?
tissue tropism
What is Rifaximin used to treat?
- travelers diarrhea caused by E. Coli
- IBS
- hepatic encephalopathy r/t high ammonia levels, does this by destroying ammonia producing bacteria in the GIT
What is the most abundant type & WBC?
Neutrophils
- 50 - 60%
What are neutrophils?
50- 60% of total WBC
- granulocyte
- destroy pathogens via phagocytosis
-1st to respond to tissue damage
- dead neutrophils are major component of pus.
- produced and stored in bone marrow
- destroyed by spleen and liver
Which WBC’s are known as granulocytes?
- neutrophils
- basophils
- eosinophils
What are bands?
Immature neutrophils
What is the normal lymphocyte count?
20 - 30%
- destroy viruses
Monocyte function?
Phagocytosis to clear cellular debris
- normal count is 3 - 7%
Eosinophil function?
Combat allergens and parasites
- normal count is 1 - 3%
Which WBC would you expect to be elevated in a patient with a bacterial infection?
Neutrophils
- > 70%
Which WBC would you expect to be elevated in a patient with a viral infection?
Lymphocytes
- > 30%
Which WBC would you expect to be elevated in a patient with an allergic reaction or parasitic infection?
Eosinophils
- > 3%
What does a shift to the left mean when talking about WBC’s?
Increased number of immature neutrophils
What is the normal value for bands?
3-5 %
Fever should be more closely controlled in which patient population and why?
- elderly, higher risk d malnutrition due to increase calorie demand
- pt with CAD, fever increases myocardial O2 demand by 15% => increased risk of myocardial ischemia
- pregnant, fever is teratogenic
- critically ill
Which type of infection should be considered in an immunocompromised patient with a fever?
- Bacterial is most common
- Fungal, they are at higher risk
What one the 2 most common causes of post op Fever?
- hypovolemia
- atelectasis
When should anti viral therapy be started on a patient with HIV?
At time of diagnosis
What CD4 count is indicative of AIDS?
< 200 cells/mm3
In a patient with HIV, viral load of __?__ is needed to be considered undetectable/non-transmissible?
< 200 copies/ml
What is a Normal CD4 count?
500 - 1200 cells/mm3
What is the time frame for starting prophylactic anti retro viral therapy after an HIV exposure?
Within 24 to 72 hrs
What is the timeline for when patient can best post for HIV after exposure?
2 weeks to 6 months
What is the term for high neutrophil count?
Neutrophilia
When should anti-retroviral therapy
