Immune, Endocrine, and Nervous System Flashcards
Bacteria
Unicellular prokaryotes that have cell walls
Viruses
Particles of nucleic acid, poison, and in some cases lipids that can reproduce only by infecting living cells
3 types of bacteria
Bacilli (rod-shaped)
Cocci (spherical)
Spirilla (spiral)
Capsid
A virus’s outer protein coat that enables a virus to bind to the surface of a cell and “trick” the cell into allowing it inside
Bacteriophage
Viruses that infect bacteria
Lytic infection
A virus enters a cell, makes copies of itself, and causes the cell to burst
Lysogenic infection
A virus embeds its DNA into the DNA of the host cell and is replicated along with the host cell’s DNA
Pathogens
Disease-causing agents such as bacteria and viruses
Toxins
Poisons that produce illness by disrupting bodily functions
Vectors
Animals that carry disease-causing organisms from person to person
Antibiotics
Compounds that kill bacteria
Penicillin
First antibiotic discovered in 1928 by Alexander Fleming, it is a fungus
Epidemiology
The science that evaluates the occurrence, determinants, distribution, and control of health and disease in a human population
John Snow
First epidemiologist from Great Britian
Discovered the cholera breakout in London
Cholera
Bacterial infection of the intestines that causes diarrhea
Lyme disease
Caused by bacteria transmitted by a tick
Black death
Bacteria was transmitted from rats to human by the bite of an infected flea, and it killed 60% of Europe’s total population in the 14th century
Typhoid fever
Caused by salmonella enteric which colonize the small intestine and spread to the blood, liver, and gallbladder
Tetanus
The spores of bacteria cause tetanus
Found in soil, dust, and feces of farm animals and humans
Shoes enter skin wounds and release neurotoxins, which result in uncontrolled simulation of skeletal muscles
Tuberculosis
One-third of the world’s human population is infected
Cause by bacteria
Direct cause of death of over half of all AIDS patients
AIDS
Caused by a virus called HIV
Spread only by contact with infected blood of other bodily fluids
Ignaz Semmelweis
Hungarian doctor that discovered childbed fever was a deadly bacterial infection caused by doctors not washing their hands after working on cadavers
Inflammatory response
Defense reaction to tissue damage caused by injury or infection
Blood vessels near the wound expand and white blood cells enter the infected tissue
Phagocytes
White blood cells that engulf and destroy bacteria
Immune response
The body’s specific defenses that attack pathogens
Antigen
Substance that triggers the immune response
On the surface of cells and viruses
Ex. Carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids choosing the surface of viruses or bacteria
B lymphocytes
White blood cells that produce antibodies
Antibody
Protein that helps destroy pathogens
Has two antigen-binding sites
Antibodies bind to antigens on the surface of bacteria and viruses
Antibodies can combine with antigens and cause them to clump together
Cover toxic parts of antigen molecules and neutralize their effects
Permanent immunity
Condition in which people who have survived exposure to a disease never develops it again
Cowpox
First vaccine that was developed
Prevented smallpox
Vaccination
Injection of a weakened or mild form of a pathogen to produce immunity
Active immunity
Immunity produced by a vaccine
Body produces is own antibodies in response to an antigen
Passive immunity
Lasts only a short time because the body destroys borrowed antibodies
Autoimmune disease
When the immune system makes a mistake and attacks the body’s own cells
SARS-CoV-2 structure
Virus composed of RNA and anthems called spike proteins
Herd immunity
Occurs when a large portion of a community because immune to a disease
Explain how mRNA vaccines work
Vaccine will use mRNA to make spike proteins from SARS-CoV-2 on the surface of some of your cells and triggers immune system to make antibodies
Endocrine: two pyramid-shaped glands the sit on top of the kidneys and help the body prepare for and deal with stress by releasing epinephrine into the blood
Adrenal glands
Endocrine: produces insulin and glucagon
Located behind the stomach
Pancreas
Endocrine: regulates blood calcium levels by secreting PTH into the blood when calcium levels are low in the blood
Parathyroid glands
Endocrine: wraps around the trachea and controls the body’s metabolism
Thyroid gland
Endocrine: secrets the hormones oxytocin, growth hormone, and MSH
Pituitary gland
Endocrine: chemicals that travel through the bloodstream
Hormones
Endocrine: thyroid gland produces too little thyroxine
Hypothyroidism
Endocrine: located in the brain and controls the secretions of the pituitary gland
Regulates heart rate, body temperature, water and electrolyte balance
Control of hunger and body weight
Hypothalamus
Endocrine: thyroid gland produces too much thyroxine
Hyperthyroidism
Endocrine: release their hormones directly into the bloodstream
Endocrine glands
Endocrine: cells that have receptors for a particular hormone
Target cells
Endocrine: secrets the hormone melatonin
Pineal gland
Endocrine: hormone that stimulates contractions of the uterus during labor
Oxytocin
Endocrine: hormone that stimulates the liver to break down fats and release sugar into the bloodstream
Glucagon
Endocrine: hormone that stimulates muscle and liver cells to remove sugar from the blood and store it as fat
Insulin
Stimulus
Any change in the environment
Response
What your body does in reaction to a stimulus
Neurons
Cells that carry information through your nervous system
Specialized to react to physical and chemical changes in their surroundings and sends impulses
Nerve impulses
Wave of action potentials that travel dorm an axon
Electrochemical message that a neutron carries
Myelin
Fatty material that forms sheathlike covering around some nerve fibers
Sensory neuron
Transmits nerve impulses from sensory receptors into the brain or spinal cord
Converts stimuli from the environment into a nerve impulse
Intemeuron
Connects sensory and motor neurons and carries impulses between them
Motor neuron
Transmits nerve impulses from brain or spinal cord or to muscle or gland
Effector
Muscle or gland that responds to simulation by motor neuron and produces reflex or behavioral action
Synapse
Area where one neuron can transfer an impulse to another neuron
Neurotransmitters
Chemicals released from neurons that carry a nerve impulse across the synaptic cleft
Acetylcholine
Neurotransmitter that stimulates skeletal muscle contractions
Central nervous system
Consists of the brain and spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system
All the nerves located outside of the central nervous system
Withdrawal reflex
Skin receptors are activated and send sensory impulses to the spinal cord through sensory neurons and muscle contracts in response
Spinal cord
Thick column of nervous tissue that links the brain to most of the nerves in the peripheral nervous system
Somatic nervous system
Controls voluntry actions
Autonomuc nervouse system
controls involuntary actions
Reflex
Automatic response that happens automatically without conscious control
Sympathetic division
Prepares the body for energy-expending, stressful, or emergency situations
Parasympathetic division
Most active under ordinary, restful conditions
Cerebrum
Largest part of the brain and controls movement, senses, speech, and thought
Cerebellum
Coordinates the actions of your muscles and helps you keep your balance
Brain stem
Lies between the cerebellum and spinal cord, controls involuntary actions
Diencephalon
Located between the cerebral hemispheres and above the midbrain
Reflex arc
Nerve pathway that forms the structural and functional basis for a reflex
When there is a nerve impulse (action potential), is it negative or positive inside the cell?
Positive
