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Biology > Immune, Endocrine, and Nervous System > Flashcards

Immune, Endocrine, and Nervous System Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Bacteria

A

Unicellular prokaryotes that have cell walls

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2
Q

Viruses

A

Particles of nucleic acid, poison, and in some cases lipids that can reproduce only by infecting living cells

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3
Q

3 types of bacteria

A

Bacilli (rod-shaped)
Cocci (spherical)
Spirilla (spiral)

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4
Q

Capsid

A

A virus’s outer protein coat that enables a virus to bind to the surface of a cell and “trick” the cell into allowing it inside

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5
Q

Bacteriophage

A

Viruses that infect bacteria

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6
Q

Lytic infection

A

A virus enters a cell, makes copies of itself, and causes the cell to burst

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7
Q

Lysogenic infection

A

A virus embeds its DNA into the DNA of the host cell and is replicated along with the host cell’s DNA

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8
Q

Pathogens

A

Disease-causing agents such as bacteria and viruses

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9
Q

Toxins

A

Poisons that produce illness by disrupting bodily functions

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10
Q

Vectors

A

Animals that carry disease-causing organisms from person to person

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11
Q

Antibiotics

A

Compounds that kill bacteria

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12
Q

Penicillin

A

First antibiotic discovered in 1928 by Alexander Fleming, it is a fungus

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13
Q

Epidemiology

A

The science that evaluates the occurrence, determinants, distribution, and control of health and disease in a human population

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14
Q

John Snow

A

First epidemiologist from Great Britian
Discovered the cholera breakout in London

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15
Q

Cholera

A

Bacterial infection of the intestines that causes diarrhea

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16
Q

Lyme disease

A

Caused by bacteria transmitted by a tick

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17
Q

Black death

A

Bacteria was transmitted from rats to human by the bite of an infected flea, and it killed 60% of Europe’s total population in the 14th century

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18
Q

Typhoid fever

A

Caused by salmonella enteric which colonize the small intestine and spread to the blood, liver, and gallbladder

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19
Q

Tetanus

A

The spores of bacteria cause tetanus
Found in soil, dust, and feces of farm animals and humans
Shoes enter skin wounds and release neurotoxins, which result in uncontrolled simulation of skeletal muscles

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20
Q

Tuberculosis

A

One-third of the world’s human population is infected
Cause by bacteria
Direct cause of death of over half of all AIDS patients

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21
Q

AIDS

A

Caused by a virus called HIV
Spread only by contact with infected blood of other bodily fluids

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22
Q

Ignaz Semmelweis

A

Hungarian doctor that discovered childbed fever was a deadly bacterial infection caused by doctors not washing their hands after working on cadavers

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23
Q

Inflammatory response

A

Defense reaction to tissue damage caused by injury or infection
Blood vessels near the wound expand and white blood cells enter the infected tissue

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24
Q

Phagocytes

A

White blood cells that engulf and destroy bacteria

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25
Q

Immune response

A

The body’s specific defenses that attack pathogens

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26
Q

Antigen

A

Substance that triggers the immune response
On the surface of cells and viruses
Ex. Carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids choosing the surface of viruses or bacteria

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27
Q

B lymphocytes

A

White blood cells that produce antibodies

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28
Q

Antibody

A

Protein that helps destroy pathogens
Has two antigen-binding sites
Antibodies bind to antigens on the surface of bacteria and viruses
Antibodies can combine with antigens and cause them to clump together
Cover toxic parts of antigen molecules and neutralize their effects

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29
Q

Permanent immunity

A

Condition in which people who have survived exposure to a disease never develops it again

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30
Q

Cowpox

A

First vaccine that was developed
Prevented smallpox

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31
Q

Vaccination

A

Injection of a weakened or mild form of a pathogen to produce immunity

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32
Q

Active immunity

A

Immunity produced by a vaccine
Body produces is own antibodies in response to an antigen

33
Q

Passive immunity

A

Lasts only a short time because the body destroys borrowed antibodies

34
Q

Autoimmune disease

A

When the immune system makes a mistake and attacks the body’s own cells

35
Q

SARS-CoV-2 structure

A

Virus composed of RNA and anthems called spike proteins

36
Q

Herd immunity

A

Occurs when a large portion of a community because immune to a disease

37
Q

Explain how mRNA vaccines work

A

Vaccine will use mRNA to make spike proteins from SARS-CoV-2 on the surface of some of your cells and triggers immune system to make antibodies

38
Q

Endocrine: two pyramid-shaped glands the sit on top of the kidneys and help the body prepare for and deal with stress by releasing epinephrine into the blood

A

Adrenal glands

39
Q

Endocrine: produces insulin and glucagon
Located behind the stomach

A

Pancreas

40
Q

Endocrine: regulates blood calcium levels by secreting PTH into the blood when calcium levels are low in the blood

A

Parathyroid glands

41
Q

Endocrine: wraps around the trachea and controls the body’s metabolism

A

Thyroid gland

42
Q

Endocrine: secrets the hormones oxytocin, growth hormone, and MSH

A

Pituitary gland

43
Q

Endocrine: chemicals that travel through the bloodstream

A

Hormones

44
Q

Endocrine: thyroid gland produces too little thyroxine

A

Hypothyroidism

45
Q

Endocrine: located in the brain and controls the secretions of the pituitary gland
Regulates heart rate, body temperature, water and electrolyte balance
Control of hunger and body weight

A

Hypothalamus

46
Q

Endocrine: thyroid gland produces too much thyroxine

A

Hyperthyroidism

47
Q

Endocrine: release their hormones directly into the bloodstream

A

Endocrine glands

48
Q

Endocrine: cells that have receptors for a particular hormone

A

Target cells

49
Q

Endocrine: secrets the hormone melatonin

A

Pineal gland

50
Q

Endocrine: hormone that stimulates contractions of the uterus during labor

A

Oxytocin

51
Q

Endocrine: hormone that stimulates the liver to break down fats and release sugar into the bloodstream

A

Glucagon

52
Q

Endocrine: hormone that stimulates muscle and liver cells to remove sugar from the blood and store it as fat

A

Insulin

53
Q

Stimulus

A

Any change in the environment

54
Q

Response

A

What your body does in reaction to a stimulus

55
Q

Neurons

A

Cells that carry information through your nervous system
Specialized to react to physical and chemical changes in their surroundings and sends impulses

56
Q

Nerve impulses

A

Wave of action potentials that travel dorm an axon
Electrochemical message that a neutron carries

57
Q

Myelin

A

Fatty material that forms sheathlike covering around some nerve fibers

58
Q

Sensory neuron

A

Transmits nerve impulses from sensory receptors into the brain or spinal cord
Converts stimuli from the environment into a nerve impulse

59
Q

Intemeuron

A

Connects sensory and motor neurons and carries impulses between them

60
Q

Motor neuron

A

Transmits nerve impulses from brain or spinal cord or to muscle or gland

61
Q

Effector

A

Muscle or gland that responds to simulation by motor neuron and produces reflex or behavioral action

62
Q

Synapse

A

Area where one neuron can transfer an impulse to another neuron

63
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemicals released from neurons that carry a nerve impulse across the synaptic cleft

64
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Neurotransmitter that stimulates skeletal muscle contractions

65
Q

Central nervous system

A

Consists of the brain and spinal cord

66
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

All the nerves located outside of the central nervous system

67
Q

Withdrawal reflex

A

Skin receptors are activated and send sensory impulses to the spinal cord through sensory neurons and muscle contracts in response

68
Q

Spinal cord

A

Thick column of nervous tissue that links the brain to most of the nerves in the peripheral nervous system

69
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Controls voluntry actions

70
Q

Autonomuc nervouse system

A

controls involuntary actions

71
Q

Reflex

A

Automatic response that happens automatically without conscious control

72
Q

Sympathetic division

A

Prepares the body for energy-expending, stressful, or emergency situations

73
Q

Parasympathetic division

A

Most active under ordinary, restful conditions

74
Q

Cerebrum

A

Largest part of the brain and controls movement, senses, speech, and thought

75
Q

Cerebellum

A

Coordinates the actions of your muscles and helps you keep your balance

76
Q

Brain stem

A

Lies between the cerebellum and spinal cord, controls involuntary actions

77
Q

Diencephalon

A

Located between the cerebral hemispheres and above the midbrain

78
Q

Reflex arc

A

Nerve pathway that forms the structural and functional basis for a reflex

79
Q

When there is a nerve impulse (action potential), is it negative or positive inside the cell?

A

Positive

Biology (5 decks)

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