Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Module 4 (MedSurg 2) > Immune Assessments > Flashcards

Immune Assessments Flashcards

1
Q

Function of the immune system

A

Defense of invasion of microorganisms and prevention of development of infection by attacking pathogens
Homeostasis: damaged cells are digested and removed from the body (uniformity of cells)
Surveillance of foreign/mutated/non-self cells and attack destroy remove.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Immunity

A

body’s ability to resist disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Antigen

A

traces nonself pathogens leave behind
molecules found on the surface of pathogens detected by adaptive
used for recognition on the outside of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Antigen elicits an

A

immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Antibody

A

produced by B cells
attach to antigens
signal macrophages to kill the pathogen
Y shaped
bind to antigens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Complement

A

works to help the actions of the immune system
- both responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The immune system is divided into what 2 parts

A

Innate
Adaptive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Innate is

A

non-specific, quicker
1st natural defense to any intruder (prevent entry)
-does not differentiate between different pathogens
-skin, mucous lining, tears, acid in stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are 2 physical barriers in innate immunity?

A

-skin, mucous lining

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the chemical/biochemical barriers to innate immunity?

A

tears, acid in stomach, normal flora in gut

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

After the 1st barriers such as skin, what is the next line of defense?

A

inflammation by mast cells (histamine molecules)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Leukocytes have an all access pass of the body except to the

A

brain and spine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What leukocyte belongs to the innate system?

A

Phagocytes
- patrol like neutrophils
- Stay in areas and wait for cue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Phagocytes

A

abundant
patrol and breach sites quickly
kill infectious cells and then die to make pus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is pus?

A

dead phagocytes after sefl destructing with infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Macrophages

A

engulf unwanted pathogens
remain in one place
consume about 100 pathogens before death
detect self-cells going rogue (CA) and kill
give info on antigens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Natural Killer cells

A

detect rogue cells by sight constant checking
-release chemicals to eliminate
attacks when cells stops producing Major Histocompatibility Complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Dendritic cells

A
  • contact with the outside environment
    Link between innate and adaptive immunity
    -Eat then carry info about antigen to adaptive T cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The adaptive immune system

A

specific and target cells infected, antigens, and antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Acquired immunity

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Adaptive immune system has 2 components

A

T lymphocytes
B lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

T cells come

A

infection has already occurred
brings cell-mediated immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

B cells come

A

when the pathogens have entered and have not caused a disease yet
humoral immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Helper T cells

A

Use information from dendritic/macrophage cells
form effector t cells = circulate and call for other WBCs
form memory t cells = record of antigen for future infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Cytotoxic T cells

A

perform a mercy killing for the infected and dying cells
- cell-mediated release of Perforin and cause apoptosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

B cells produce

A

antibodies to fit around antigens
tag them and don’t allow for them to infect anything

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

B cells also produce what when they encounter an antigen?

A

memory b cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Both memory cells jointly maintain

A

record of all encountered infections and strengthen the immune response to infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Which immune system reacts 1st?
if out of hand, they call upon the?

A

innate
adaptive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Order of immunity

A

Innate
1) Skin barriers
2) Inflammation (histamine)
Adaptive Specific with B and T cells
- Cell-mediated
- Humoral

31
Q

Inflammatory response lines of defense

A

vasodilation with increase capillary permeability
- increase blood flow and leukocyte mvmt
interferon
complement
phagocytosis

32
Q

Adaptive acquired found from

A

infection tolerance
vaccine
antigen
cytokine
b and T lymphocyte activation
- cell-mediated and humoral

33
Q

Components of the immune system include

A

lymphatic
primary/secondary lymphoid organs
hematopoietic stem cell differentiation
thymus (chest)
bone marrow
tonsils
adenoids
peyer’s patches

34
Q

Thymus is the

A

the central lymphoid organ which produces the Thymusen stimulates T cells and the development

35
Q

Bone marrow produces what

A

B and T lymphocyte cell differentiation occurs

36
Q

What are the different type of adaptive immune response?

A

Passive
Active

37
Q

Active Adaptive Immunity

A

Invasion of foreign substance (natural or artificial)
Body forms long-lasting immunity
Ex: Chicken pox, mumps, measles

38
Q

Passive Adaptive Immunity

A

Receive antigen instead of create their own (natural or artificial)
Body immunity is short duration
Ex: Mom to baby via placenta or colostrum
Gamma globulin injections

39
Q

Cellular mediated is

A

Tcells
- activated to defend against intracellular microorganisms
- survive inside cells (viruses, fungi, and some bacteria

40
Q

Humoral mediated is

A

Bcells
- occurs in reaction to an antigenic challenge - antibodies to the substance
- anaphylactic shock, transfusion gone wrong, and bacterial infections

41
Q

If a pathogen gets by the innate immune system they are taken care of by

A

adaptive immune system

42
Q

Types of Acquired Specific Immunity

A

Natural
- Passive: mother to child
- Active: natural contact through actual infection
Artificial
- Passive: inject antibodies from one to another person without antibodies
- Active: vaccinations

43
Q

Hypersensitivity Reaction Types

A

1) Allergic
2) Cytotoxic
3) Immune complex deposition
4) Delayed

44
Q

Hypersensitivity Reaction
1) Allergic

A

IgE
Quick onset after exposure
Hay fever environmental

45
Q

Hypersensitivity Reaction
2) Cytotoxic

A

antibody-mediated
specific cell has an antigen stuck to it - organ and tissue specific
hemolytic - RBC destruction, good pasture syndrome, hyperacute graft rejection

46
Q

Hypersensitivity Reaction
3) Immune Complex Deposition

A

IgG/IgM mediated
complex formed in circulatory system and into vessel wall
highly pathogenic
hypersensitivity pneumonitis
Lupus
Polyarteritis nodosa
serum sickness

47
Q

Hypersensitivity Reaction
4) Delayed

A

cell-mediation slow onset 24-48 hours
edema and inflammation not by antibodies
-topical-
chronic graft rejections, +PPD test, Latex, Nickel, poison ivy

48
Q

Assess Immune system - H&P

A

Current problem
Age & allergies (severity)
Nutrition (tolerance of activity)
Med-Surg history
Immunization
Immune deficiencies (chemo, immunosuppressants, antibiotics
Family history
Look, LISTEN, FEEL

49
Q

Assessment of the current problem

A

Constitutional (overall body - fever)
Neurologic (dizzy, memory)
Respiratory (cough, sneeze, patterns)
GI system (loss of appetite, N/V/D)
Lymph nodes (bleeding and characteristics)
Mobility & pain (gait, joints, stiffness, swelling, uni and bilateral)

50
Q

Age-associated with Immunological

A

impact susceptibility to infection
regulation of inflammation
Immunosenescence = low innate and adaptive

51
Q

What type of t cells occur more near the end of the life?

A

mature
along with tissue inflammation and suseptibility to infection

52
Q

Immune competence is what as we age

A

decreased
- lowers innate and adaptive

53
Q

Immunoessence

A

gradual deterioration of the immune system brought on by the natural aging process
- host capability to respond to infections and long term immune therapy (vax)

54
Q

Frequency and severity of infections are increased in elderly related to:

A

decrease ability to respons to invading organisms (flu, pneumo.)
decrease production and function of T and B lymphocytes (cell-mediated and humoral)

55
Q

The ability to distinguish self from non-self lowers as the pt gets

A

older
-fail to recognize abnormal cells
-thymus gland shrinks (increase in viral)
-more memory than fighter t cells
-immune competence decreases

56
Q

The older age to immunity

A

decreases function and less effective (increase infections from secondary)
increase autoantibodies (increase autoimmune disorders)
malignant cells not destroyed (leads to CA)

57
Q

Older age what organs are connected to

A

Thymus

58
Q

What suppresses immune function via nutrition

A

vitamins and trace elements
- DNA and protein synthesis reglate cell repilcation and maturation
Fatty acids
- structural of membrane, precursor to vitamins and cholestrol

59
Q

What increases suseptibility to infections via nutrition?

A

atrophy of lymph
depress antibody
reduce circulating T cells
phagocytic function impaired

60
Q

Allergies need to be said when

A

Every time you give a MED BEFORE!!!!
- occurrence and severity
testing and tx
effectiveness

61
Q

Autoimmune disorders have a

A

genetic link
common in females

62
Q

Neoplastic disease

A

immunocompromised pt
Ca (hematological)
from chemo and radiation

63
Q

What causes renal failure in immune systems

A

reduce lymhoctes and uremai

64
Q

What causes DM in immune systems

A

↑ infections, vascular insufficiency, & neuropathy.

65
Q

What causes COPD in immune systems

A

recurrent respiratory tract infections → ineffective airway clearance.

66
Q

What causes SURGERY in immune systems

A

Removal of spleen, lymph nodes, thymus, organ transplantation.

67
Q

What causes burns, injuries, and infections in immune systems

A

Impaired skin integrity & compromised first line of defense.
Loss of large amounts of serum in burn patients → depletes body of immunoglobulins.

68
Q

Hx and immunizations

A

Childhood/recent immunizations & diseases.
TB: Exposure
Recent exposure to infections.
Past & present infections.
Multiple persistent infections, FUO
Lesions/sores, any type of drainage.

69
Q

Social Hx

A

Smoking
Alcohol consumption
Dietary intake & nutritional status
Amount of perceived stress
IV drug use
Sexual practices
Occupational or residential exposure to radiation or pollutants

70
Q

Under a normal response, the immunity

A

does not act

71
Q

Autoimmune diseases

A

-age, genetic is risk
viral infection triggers
cluters of diseases

72
Q

The nurse associates which of the following findings to immunosenescence in a 68-year-old woman? Select all that apply.

A. Pneumonia
B. Shingles
C. Cervical dysplasia
D. Cancer

A

A. Pneumonia
B. Shingles
D. Cancer

73
Q

The nurse includes which of the following in the past medical history evaluating the immune response? Select all that apply.

A. Recurrent infections
B. Chronic illness
C. Dietary history
D. History of fractures
E. Medication history

A

A. Recurrent infections
B. Chronic illness
C. Dietary history
E. Medication history

74
Q

What functions of the immune system can be found the older adult?
Select all that apply

a
Decreased formation of antibodies
b Thymus enlargement
c Decreased surveillance for malignant cell changes
d Decreased delayed hypersensitivity reactions
e Increased response of T and B cells

A

a = Decreased formation of antibodies
b = Thymus enlargement
c= Decreased surveillance for malignant cell changes
e= Increased response of T and B cells

Module 4 (MedSurg 2) (36 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions