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202 Final > Immune > Flashcards

Immune Flashcards

1
Q

5 cardinal symptoms of inflammation

A

warmth, erythema, pain, decreased function, edema

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2
Q

HIV transmission

A

babies, banging, blood

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3
Q

at which stage of HIV is it spread the most? why?

A

primary, 2nd place asymptomatic; patient doesn’t realize they have it

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4
Q

why might a pt not know they have HIV at first?

A

very general nonspecific flu like symptoms

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5
Q

what is AIDS

A

T cells drop below 200, immune system is significantly impaired, no ability to fight infection

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6
Q

what infections are AIDs pts most at risk for

A

any - most get opportunistic infections like pneumonia, TB, thrush, cellulitis

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7
Q

GI s/s of AIDs

A

anorexia, n/v, chronic severe diarrhea, weight loss, wasting syndrome

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8
Q

what is wasting syndrome

A

loss of at least 10% of body weight

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9
Q

complications of thrush

A

can cause sternal pain, ulcers, painful swallowing - makes pt’s more anorexic

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10
Q

Kaposi Sarcoma

A

skin malignancy, small, painless purplish/brown raised lesions on skin, progresses throughout all of the body - lymph nodes, lungs, etc.

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11
Q

integumentary s/s of aids

A

dry, itchy, irritated skin, prone to rashes, eczema, psoriasis
petechiae, bleeding gums

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12
Q

pt education- when AIDs positive

A

med adherence, notify all partners, limit spread through not engaging in risky behaviors, cannot donate blood, plasma, sperm

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13
Q

as a healthcare worker, what should you do when exposed to a patient’s blood

A

wash area thoroughly/flush eyes for at least 1 minute, report it (both u & pt need to be tested), practice safe sex until you are confirmed negative

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14
Q

PrEP

A

pre-exposure prophylaxis

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15
Q

who is PrEP for?

A

those whose behavior puts them at risk for getting HIV - sexual partner with HIV, needle sharer

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16
Q

PrEP pt education

A

MUST take consistently, need regular follow ups with HCP

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17
Q

who is post-exposure prophylaxis for?

A

healthcare workers exposed, individuals exposed through high risk sex/needle sharing

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18
Q

post-exposure prophylaxis considerations

A

4 week intensive course, must start within 72 hours of exposure, not to be treated as a plan b

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19
Q

HIV treatment

A

antiretroviral therapy - not a cure, reduces spread and prolongs life

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20
Q

antiretroviral therapy pt education

A

start as soon as possible, must adhere, will need routine follow ups

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21
Q

nonadherence of antiretroviral therapy leads to -

A

more expensive, more complicated, less successful treatment

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22
Q

what is being tested in follow up appts for antiretroviral therapy

A

HIV viral load, T cells, liver & kidney labs

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23
Q

lipodystrophy syndrome s/s

A

fat loss in arms, legs, and face; fat buildup in abdomen & neck; gynecomastia

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24
Q

lipodystrophy syndrome cause

A

side effect of antiretroviral therapy

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25
lipodystrophy syndrome complications
increased risks of hypercholesterolemia, heart disease, DM
26
pt teaching to prevent infection
do not clean litter boxes/bird cages, no rare/undercooked meat, frequent oral care, monitor own temp, urine, mouth - report changes immediately
27
what should nurse assess for/monitor related to infection
labs - WBC, ANC, viral load, T cells; watch for AMS mouth for thrush, lung sounds for pneumonia, urine for UTI indicators
28
what meds may be given for pneumonia in HIV pt
bronchodilators, glucocorticoids
29
cachexia interventions
be gentle, get another person when moving them, use air mattress, reposition frequently
30
what kind of diet should HIV pt be on
low fat, high protein, high calorie diet; dietary supplements, small frequent meals
31
what should pt avoid to help w HIV diarrhea
high fiber foods, alcohol, caffeine, spicy foods
32
what med may be given to help w HIV diarrhea?
scheduled loperamide
33
anaphylaxis
body releases excess histamine in response to a normally nontoxic allergen - leading to widespread edema
34
anaphylaxis s/s
hypoTN, bronchospasm, LOC, flushing, itching, wheezing, sense of impending doom, severe dyspnea, shock, MI
35
priority interventions for pt experiencing anaphylaxis
1 - stop med if being infused 2 - subQ epi, IV if that's ineffective 3 - assess resp & CV status
36
what medications will be given to someone experiencing anaphylaxis
immediate epi IV fluids, pressors, antihistamines, corticosteroids, bronchodilators
37
when can a rebound reaction occur? why is this important
4-12 hours; pts must call 911 immediately even if they gave themselves epi; must monitor closely
38
pt education for anaphylaxis
strict avoidance, wear ID bracelet with allergies, always carry an epi-pen
39
how do you use an epi-pen
remove from tub, remove cap, jab firmly, perpendicular into outer thigh until a click is heard - push injector, remove & massage site for 10 seconds
40
what should a pt do immediately after using an epi-pen
call 911 to get ambulance to hospital
41
why is getting an ambulance important after epi-pen administration?
high risk of arresting within 5-30 minutes
42
articular features of RA
joint inflammation - pain, swelling, warmth, redness, decreased fx; morning stiffness; joints feel spongey/soft can get deformities in hands/feet
43
how long can someone be in the asymptomatic phase of HIV
decades - risk of spread
44
extra-articular s/s of RA
fever, weight loss, fatigue, anemia, Raynaud's, scleritis, pericarditis, splenomegaly, Sjogren's
45
Sjogren's
associated w RA - excessive dryness in eyes & mucus membranes
46
symptom of RA - indicates poor prognosis
nontender, moveable nodules in subQ tissue
47
elevated ESR and CRP indicate
inflammation somewhere in the body
48
arthrocentesis
pulls out synovial fluid for testing, also relieves some swelling/pain
49
arthrocentesis post-procedure
have pt rest or "baby" extremity, monitor puncture site for infection
50
what NSAIDs may be used for RA
ibuprofen, celecoxib
51
purpose of NSAIDs for RA
don't prevent joint damage, helps inflammation short term until other drugs kick in
52
what glucocorticoids may be used for RA
prednisone, methylprednisolone, dexamethasone
53
purpose of glucocorticoids for RA
high dose during exacerbations & at beginning of treatment, commonly used when changing meds/waiting for meds to kick in
54
most common DMARD
methotrexate
55
s/e of methotrexate
anemia, GI bleeding, infection, photosensitivity, immunosuppression
56
what test must be done before starting methotrexate/periodically during treatment, why?
pregnancy test causes SEVERE birth defects
57
when are biologic drugs used for RA
moderate-severe RA, pt doesn't respond to DMARDs
58
ex of biologic drugs
adalimumab
59
adalimumab considerations
given through subQ injection, increases risk of infection
60
what kind of exercise is good for RA patients
water aerobics/swimming
61
synovectomy
removes inflamed synovial fluid
62
total joint arthroplasty for RA
only done when nothing else works to relieve pain
63
plasmapheresis
removes circulating antibodies from plasma - only done with life threatening heart/lung involvement
64
telltale sign of lupus
butterfly facial rash
65
s/s of lupus
severe photosensitivity, muscle aches/inflammation in feet/hands, pancytopenia, kidney damage (protein & casts in urine), discoid lesions, alopecia, psychosis, seizures
66
what s/s will a lupus pt have in a flare up
fever
67
causes of lupus exacerbation
UV/sunlight exposure, fatigue, stress
68
common cause of death in lupus
kidney damage - AKI/CKD
69
how can NSAIDs be used for SLE
decrease pain & inflammation, used until antimalarials kick in
70
how can corticosteroids be used for SLE
decrease pain, immunosuppressive; used until antimalarials kick in
71
how can DMARDs be used for lupus
immunosuppressive
72
main treatment for SLE
antimalarials - hydroxychloroquine
73
side effects of hydroxychloroquine
visual changes, GI upset, rash, photosensitivity, headache, hair changesp
74
hydroxychloroquine considerations
takes 2-4 months to kick in; pt should have routine eye exams & report visual changes immediately
75
pt education SLE
use gentle moisturizing cosmetics w/ SPF, no harsh chemicals/perfume, avoid nicotine, exercise but don't overdo it, go to follow-up appts, no exposure to UV/sunlight
76
when does the bullseye rash develop
1-28 days after being bitten
77
s/s in stage 1 of lymes
fever, myalgia, neck stiffness, headache
78
stage 1 lymes tx
10 day course of doxy
79
s/s of stage 2 lymes
pain, malaise, flu like symptoms possible joint & chest pain, palpitations, SOB, headache, dizziness, eye pain
80
stage 2 lymes tx
IV abx
81
s/s of stage 3 lymes
joint/muscle pain/inflammation, rarely arrythmias & conduction issues
82
proper tick removal
make sure entire tick is removed, clean area thoroughly, monitor for bullseye rash

202 Final (17 decks)

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