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BIO224 > immune > Flashcards

immune Flashcards

1
Q

Innate immunity surface defense’s

A
  1. Skin
  2. hair
  3. mucus
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2
Q

Innate immunity internal defenses

A

Mast cells + basophils (inflamatory response)
Natural killer cells
Complement system
Phagocytes: monocytes, neutrophils, macrophages

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3
Q

adaptive immunity cells

A

Inside germinal center of palantine tonsil)
T lymphocyte
antigen-presenting cells
B lymphocytes

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4
Q

How does inflammation work

A

1.Mast cells detect injury to nearby cells and release histamine initiating inflammatory response
2. histamine increases blood flow to the wound sites, brining in phagocytes and other immune cells that neutralize pathogens. the blood influx causes wound to swell, redden, and become warm and painful

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5
Q

steps a phagocyte uses to kill microbes

A
  1. chemotaxis
  2. adherence-begins to intake microbe by extending pseudopod around the microbe
  3. ingestion puts microbe into a vacuole and takes it into the phagocyte.
  4. Digestion-a lysosome with digestive enzymes binds with the vacuole
  5. killing-digested microbe in phagolysosome is left as a residual body(indigestible material)
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6
Q

how do phagocytes get to the injury

A

phagocytes migrate from the blood to site in a vasodilated blood channel and ‘emigrate’ out of the blood into the tissue

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7
Q

how does a T cell become activated

A

Antigen presenting cell (could be host cell 2 or infected body cell) presents the antigens
The T-cell receptor binds with the antigen-MHC complex and is then activated

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8
Q

What happens when an inactive helper T cell binds with an antigen MHC complex

A
  1. APC and inactive helper t cell costimulation (antigen binds to TCR on t helper cell, MHC-II binds to CD4 protein from helper t cell. APC secretes IL I, CD4 secretes IL-II)
  2. Step 1 activates helper t cell
  3. activated helper t cell undergoes clonal selection (proliferation and differentiation) creating
    active helper T cells and memory helper T cells (long lived)
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9
Q

Types of immune defences

A
  1. Nonspecific (automatic/immediate)
  2. Nonspecific (innate internal)
  3. specific defense/adaptive/humeral immunity
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10
Q

nonspecific automatic/immediate immune defense types

A
  1. Barriers to entry surface defenses: skin, mucous membranes
  2. lysozymes: enzymes that damage bacterial cell walls. found in tears and sweat
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11
Q

nonspecific/innate internal defense types

A
  1. inflammatory response and fever
  2. protective proteins/antimicrobial proteins (mostly made in liver)
  3. phagocytic cells and natural killer cells (cells and proteins are involved)
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12
Q

Specific defense/adaptive immunity types

A
  1. Antibody mediated defense: B-lymphocytes
  2. Cell mediated defense: T lymphocytes

Both triggered by nonspecific, takes 5-7 days for adaptive defenses to be fully activated

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13
Q

Humoral immunity

A

Antibody mediated defense. Immunity mediated by B lymphocytes.

response is initiated when a macrophage or T lymphocyte activates a B lymphocyte. B lymphocyte make plasma cells that secrete antibodies and B memory cells

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14
Q

Plasma cells

A

Plasma cells secrete antibodies/proteins that bind and agglutinate antigens.

the antibodies are also nonspecific response to neutralize toxins/venom

Made by B lymphocytes in response to be being activated.

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15
Q

cell mediated immunity performed by

A

T cell immunity: CD4/helper t cells and CD8 cytotoxic T cell immunity.

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16
Q

Cytotoxic T cell function

A

Locate cells infected with viruses or intracellular bacteria, cancer cells, transplanted cells, lyse and destroy them.

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17
Q

Antibody mediated defense performed by

A

B lymphocytes

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18
Q

protective protein/antimicrobial protein function

A

variety of peptides that help kill microbes and attract WBC (dendritic, mast cells, phagocytes)

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19
Q

different types of antimicrobial proteins

A

2 types of antimicrobial proteins:
1. complement system proteins
2. interferons

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20
Q

Complement proteins

A

plasma proteins mostly synthesized in the liver. become active when pathogen enters the body. their actions complement/assist antibody mediated immune responses

21
Q

What complement proteins do

A

3 major things
1. help trigger inflammatory response, causes mast cells to secrete histamine
2. can attach to microbes and marks the microbe for phagocytosis
3. form membrane attack complex/ MAC: multiple proteins that make pore/opening of cell membrane of the invader->kills the invader by cytolysis (bursts the cell

22
Q

Histamine

A

Triggers inflammation

23
Q

what forms MAC (membrane attack cells)

A

Complement proteins: plasma proteins mostly synthesized in the liver

24
Q

MAC

A

Membrane attack cells

25
Q

Phagocytosis

A

macrophages engulf microbes or neutrophils killing pathogens

26
Q

what is an Interferon

A

Antimicrobial protein: released by cells that are infected with the virus

27
Q

What do interferons do

A

released by cells that are infected with virus. combine with receptors of nearby cells that are not yet infected. this is a warning system telling other cells to be ready for attack.

28
Q

Natural killer cells

A

2nd nonspecific internal defense.

Natural killer cells attack infected cells not the microbe/disease

granular leukocytes that are able to kill infected body cells by releasing granules that damage the cell membrane of the cells.
They help protect against cancer cells.

Some granules released contain perforin that perforate the membrane of the infected cell
Natural killer cells release another granule containing granzymes which induce the infected cell to die.

They are able to recognize non-self cells. markers on the outside of the cell get altered so they can be recognized as potential danger

29
Q

Natural killer cells attack what

A

infected cells

30
Q

Natural killer cells can contain what proteins

A

perforin, granzymes

31
Q

Phagocytic cells are what line of defense

A

2nd nonspecific internal defense

32
Q

Natural killer cells are what line of defense

A

2nd nonspecific internal defense

33
Q

Phagocytic cells include

A

neutrophils
macrophages
dendritic cells

34
Q

Phagocytic cells do

A

move to the damaged part of the body via chemotaxis and can attach to the microbe in a process called adherence. then they phagocytize the microbe (ingestion)

35
Q

adherence occurs

A

when a phagocytic cell attaches to a microbe

36
Q

Ingestion occurs

A

when a phagocytic cell phagocytizes a microbe

37
Q

Process in which a phagocytic cell phagocytizes a microbe

A

phagocytic cell engulfs the microbe in a Phagosome(vesicle) which then fuses with a lysosome in the phagocytic cell to kill and break down the microbe

38
Q

Macrophages and dendritic cells are derived from

A

monocytes and can phagocytize pathogens

39
Q

Macrophages and dendritic cell function

A

can engulf pathogens and survive like neutrophiles.
Can release cytokines (immune hormones) which trigger monocytes to leave the blood stream into tissue to mature into macrophages
Play a role in inflammatory response and interact with specific immune responses

40
Q

when does a monocyte become a macrophage

A

when it leaves the blood stream and enters tissue

41
Q

cytokines are considered

A

immune hormones

42
Q

what can engulf pathogens and survive

A

phagocytic cells:
neutrophils
dendritic cells
macrophages

43
Q

What attracts phagocytes to wounds

A

histamines and mast cells. phagocytes respond to inflammation

44
Q

Outward signs of inflammation

A
  1. redness
  2. heat
  3. swelling
  4. pain
45
Q

what happens during inflammation

A

Chemical signals like histamine will induce capillary dilation->increases blood flow to the infected area
Increased blood flow makes the area red and warm
proteins and fluids leave capillary into interstitial tissue causing inflammation
neutrophils and monocytes(become macrophages) can also leave capillaries.
Sometimes inflammation triggers a fever. Fever triggered by the brain. Certain phagocytic cells release cytokines called pyrogens (example interleukin 2) cytokines tell hypothalamus to make the body a higher temp

46
Q

how is fever produced

A

Fever triggered by the brain. Certain phagocytic cells release cytokines called pyrogens (example interleukin 2) cytokines tell hypothalamus to make the body a higher temp

47
Q

antigens

A

any foreign substance that stimulates a reaction by the immune system.
antigens have immunogenicity: ability to stimulate an immune response
Antigens have reactivity: ability to react with antibodies or cells

48
Q

immunogenicity

A

immunogenicity: ability to stimulate an immune response

BIO224 (13 decks)

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