Immun

Question 1

How many types of immunity are there?

Answer 1

Innate and Acquired

Question 2

Innate Immunity involves

Answer 2

Physical barriers
Physiological factors (pH, temp, stomach acid)
Protein secretions
Inflammation process and
Macrophages

Question 3

Macrophages

Answer 3

Recognize antigen as foreign, engulf it, break it down, and deliver it to helper T cells which release cytokines

Question 4

Acquired Immunity involves

Answer 4

cells circulating from prev exposures (T cells and B cells)

Question 5

T cells offer

Answer 5

cellular immunity

Question 6

T cells come from

Answer 6

the thymus

Question 7

Types of T cells

Answer 7

Helper T cells and Cytotoxic T cells

Question 8

Helper T cells

Answer 8

attach to antigen and release cytokines (messengers) which generate a B-cell response

Question 9

Cytotoxic T cells

Answer 9

attaches to antigen and destroys it

Question 10

B cells offer

Answer 10

humoral immunity

Question 11

B cells come from

Answer 11

bone marrow

Question 12

B cells

Answer 12

mature to antibody producing cells (plasma cells)

and some cells remain circulating (as memory cells)

Question 13

Plasma cells

Answer 13

which produce antigen-specific antibodies that attach to antigen and mark it for destruction

Question 14

Memory cells

Answer 14

activate immune response upon re-exposure to antigen. Rapidly produces antibodies which eliminate antigen.
They may wane over time.

Question 15

Vaccines and the Immune response

Answer 15

Vaccines contain antigens which are recognized by the immune system and evoke an immune response

B cells and T cells are activated

T cell activation also leads to B cell activation and B cell activation results in the production of antibodies which mark antigens for destruction.

The antigen is eliminated and Memory B and T cells are formed

Question 16

Vaccine Types

Answer 16

Live attenuated and Inactivated

Question 17

Both vaccine types are made from

Answer 17

viruses or bacteria

Question 18

Live attenuated vaccines

Answer 18

made from whole virus or bacteria.

must replicate to work. Replication mimics natural infection, which stimulates an immune response

Question 19

Inactivated vaccines

Answer 19

can be made from various fractions of virus or bacteria

They do not replicate because they are killed - the antigen load stimulates immune response

May contain adjuvants to enhance immune response

Question 20

Polysaccharide vaccines

Answer 20

• b cells stimulated w/out use of helper t cells

- short-lived, no booster effect, not consistently immunogenic in children < than 2 yrs

Question 21

Conjugate polysacc vaccines

Answer 21

• helper t cells involved, memory cells produced, booster effect upon subsequent exposure, inc immunogenicity in children < 2 yrs

Question 22

Two live vaccines if not simultaneous

Answer 22

28 day separation

Question 23

Live vaccines followed by blood products

Answer 23

2 week separation

Question 24

Blood product given before live vaccine

Answer 24

interval varies

Question 25

Live vaccine followed by PPD skin test

Answer 25

28 day separation

Question 26

PPD skin test followed by live vaccine

Answer 26

administer vacc after PPD skin test has been read

Question 27

If the int between vaccine doses in a series is dec

Answer 27

may interfere with antibody response and protection

Question 28

if the int between vaccine doses in a series is inc

Answer 28

doesn't reduce vacc effectiveness but delays protection for the patient

Question 29

contraindication

Answer 29

condition that greatly inc the risk o/ an adverse rxn

Question 30

general rule for contraindications

Answer 30

do not vacc if vacc likely to injure patient

Question 31

Universal contraindication for all vaccines

Answer 31

severe allergic response to a previous dose

Question 32

False contraindications

Answer 32

``` minor illness allergies to prods not in vacc allergies that are not immed & life threatening pregnancy in the household breastfeeding premature birth ```

Question 33

Is it ok to get multiple vaccines in one day

Answer 33

yes - immune system designed to handle it

Question 34

Vaccines and pregnancy

Answer 34

- encourage vaccines prior to or after pregnancy - only inac flu vacc during pregnancy if pregnant during flu season, and Tdap for every pregnancy (after 20 weeks gestation)

Question 35

Vaccines in Immunosuppressed individuals

Answer 35

live vaccines usually not recommended | concern with inactivated vaccines not being effective enough

Question 36

Gen guidelines for immunosupp

Answer 36

vaccines 4 weeks prior to immunosupp | healthy indiv who reside in a household with patients can receive inac and most live vacc with cautions in place

Question 37

Min interval on catch up sched

Answer 37

28 days for most

Question 38

Administration slightly earlier

Answer 38

unlikely to interfere with antibody production

Question 39

grace period for sequential dosing of series

Answer 39

4 days - can be administered < or = 4 days before min int

Question 40

grace period applies to

Answer 40

same-antigen live vaccs

Question 41

grace period does not apply to

Answer 41

diff live vaccs (MMRV or MMR and varicella)

Question 42

_ do not have interval rules

Answer 42

oral live vaccs (typhoid and rotavirus)

Question 43

does a vaccine series ever have to be restarted

Answer 43

No