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Cognitive Psychology > Imagery > Flashcards

Imagery Flashcards

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1
Q

Mental Imagery

A
  • Imagining something
  • Seeing in the minds eye
  • Seeing a mental image
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2
Q

What is the problem with studying mental imagery?

A
  • Rely on self-report

* Don’t have a scanning system that can show us what people imagine

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3
Q

What are some individual differences with mental imagery?

A
  • Some see very clear & can’t differentiate from what is imagined from truth
  • Some see sketchy
  • Some see black & white
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4
Q

What are some uses of Imagery outside of Cognitive Psychology?

A
  • Detectives imagine a crime scene
  • Artists
  • To manage phobias (imagine dealing with it & then actually deal with it)
  • Pain (must pay attention to feel pain)
  • Sports (positive thinking)
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5
Q

What is the functional equivalence hypotheses?

A
  • Visual imagery (imagining) & Visual perception (actually seeing) are not the same but are so similar that their functions are the same.
  • Mental Rotation
  • Image Scaling
  • Image Scanning
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6
Q

Mental rotation

A
  • As if we are physically rotating the object
  • Images are rotated in the mind through a “functional space”
  • More angle rotation = the more time it takes to respond.
  • Less angle rotation = takes less time to respond
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7
Q

Image Scaling, Kosslyn (1975)

A
  • “Zoom in” of image
  • Closer you get = more detail
  • Problem: need to make sure the size of the objects imagined will be the same for participants.
  • Solution: use relative size = One really big, or relatively small object
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8
Q

Image scaling results

A
  • Participants answered questions about the rabbit more rapidly than the elephant.
  • Can see the rabbit better when it is the larger object in the pair b/c the rabbit is zoomed in.
  • Important b/c it does not fit in semantic network (if rabbit have wiskers, does rabbit have a head?)
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9
Q

Image Scanning, Kosslyn (1973)

A
  • Takes longer to mentally move long distances, the same way it takes longer to physically walk from point a to point b if there is a greater distance. (functional equivalence)
  • Longer distance = longer response time
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10
Q

Is image scanning spatial or propositional?

A
  • Spatial = see image
  • Propositional representation = seeing the words, language
  • Screen 1 = dots
  • Screen 2 = Arrow, if there was a dot there?
  • When arrow was right below = longer reaction time.
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11
Q

Imagery in the blind

A
  • Born blind = slower on all tasks, but showed similar patterns
  • faster response times when scanning shorter distances on topographical map
  • faster response when asked about larger objects
  • Spatial imagery seems to involve some representations that are analogues to visual percepts.
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12
Q

Imagery & Neuroscience – Perky

A
  • If imagery affects perception or if perception affects imagery – if true this means that they must have access to the same neural mechanisms.
  • subjects described the object exactly as presented with reduced opacity
  • Nobody realized there was something being projected, they all thought it was their image
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13
Q

FMRI

A
  • Functional magnetic resonance imaging

* measures blood flow to where there is activity

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14
Q

TMS

A
  • Transcranial magnetic stimulation

* blocks neurons

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15
Q

Neuroscience & Imagery: Ganis, 2004

A
  • Overlap of activation of perception & imagery in frontal lobe – as shown in FMRI
  • Only differences occurred in the back of the brain
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16
Q

Neuroscience & Imagery: Amedi, 2005

A
  • A lot of overlap

* Concluded that mental images are less fragile, so less activation keeps other things from interfering with the image.

17
Q

Neuroscience & Imagery: Kosslyn, 1999

A
  • TMS to visual area of brain during perception & imagery tasks
  • slower response time to both
  • Brain activity in visual area of brain plays a casual role for both perception & imagery
18
Q

Do self described “visual imagers” show greater blood flow to visual areas of the brain?

A

• Yes, self described visual imagers show greater blood flow to visual areas of the brain when they form mental images

19
Q

Brain damaged patients & Imagery

A
  • Patients with prosopagnosia cannot recognize or visualize faces
  • Patients with unilateral neglect syndrome also neglect one side of their images
  • Conclusion – there is a lot of overlap btwn brain areas for imagery & perception
20
Q

Imagery & Memory: Pavio (1963,1965)

A
  • Easier to remember a concrete (thing) - noun (truck, tree) than a abstract (statement) noun (truth, justice)
  • thing-nouns can be remembered visually and verbally = more chance of being remembered
21
Q

Imagery & Memory: Method of loci

A
  • Had to encode info based on interaction of an object & location
  • Remembered more concrete nouns, than abstract noun
22
Q

Imagination Inflation: Garry, Manning, Loftus & Sherman, 1996

A
  1. life events inventory
  2. Imagine 4 childhood events (2 weeks later)
  3. Life events inventory

• Results: imagining made the subjects more confident that the event actually happened.

23
Q

Source Monitoring

A
  • The process of determining where an event or knowledge originated from
  • can increase SM errors by: decrease cognitive operations & increasing sensory details
  • e.g: telling the same gossip to the person who told you the gossip.
24
Q

Imagined events usually do not have

A

sensory details

25
Q

What are two internal sources?

A
  • thinking

* Imagining

26
Q

What are two external sources?

A
  • Movie

* Newspaper

27
Q

Finke et al. 1988

A

Results: control ss = good
Horizantal ss= good
Vertical= bad
• idea that you generated more effort to the tasks, made you remember it more.

28
Q

Thomas et al. 2003, can they get you to believe bizarre events?

A
  • Imagined actions – imagine old or new diff. instructions
  • instructed to image a simple or elaborate bizarre event
  • the more detail there was to the imagined event, the more they said they did it.
  • Repetition increased source monitoring errors
  • Simple vs. elaborate, more detail = the more they said they did it.

Cognitive Psychology (9 decks)

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