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Cognitive Psychology > Cognition & The Brain > Flashcards

Cognition & The Brain Flashcards

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1
Q

The Nervous System

A
  • Central Nervous System

* Peripheral Nervous System

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2
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A
  • Brain & spinal cord
  • Protected by bones & cerebral spinal fluid
  • Processes information FROM the peripheral nervous system
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3
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A
  • All other nerves (in the body)
  • Not protected by bones & spinal fluid
  • Carries info TO the CNS
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4
Q

The Brain

A
  • Hindbrain
  • Mid-Brain
  • Forebrain
  • 4 lobes
  • Neurons
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5
Q

Hindbrain: Medulla

A
  • Regulates life support

* Breathing, life support, blood pressure, etc.

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6
Q

Hindbrain: Pons

A
  • Bridge btwn. right & left side of the brain
  • Balance, sleep & arousal.
  • Implicated sleep paralysis & dreams
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7
Q

Hindbrain: Cerebellum

A

•Coordinates muscle activity

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8
Q

Midbrain

A
  • Center for auditory & visual information
  • Eye movement, lens shape, pupil dilation
  • Reticular information (sleep-wake cycle)
  • Inferior Colliculi’s
  • Superior Colliculi’s
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9
Q

Inferior Colliculi’s

A

• Auditory

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10
Q

Superior Colliculi’s

A

• Visual structure

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11
Q

Forebrain

A
  • Corpus Callosum
  • Cerebral Cortex
  • Hypothalamus
  • Thalamus
  • Pituitary
  • Amygdala
  • Hippocampus
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12
Q

Forebrain: Corpus Callosum

A
  • Allows right & left hemisphere to communicate

* left side of the brain controls right side of the body & vise versa

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13
Q

Forebrain: Cerebral cortex

A
  • Grey matter
  • 2 hemispheres
  • 4 lobes
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14
Q

Forebrain: Hypothalamus

A
  • Located below the thalamus

* directs maintenance activities= eating, drinking, body temp.

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15
Q

Forebrain: Left hemisphere

A

• verbal tasks

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16
Q

Forebrain: Right hemispher

A

• spatial, non verbal tasks

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17
Q

Forebrain: Thalamus

A
  • Gives info TO cerebral cortex
  • Motor Control
  • Receives Auditory, Somatosensory and Visual Sensory Signals
  • Relays Sensory Signals to the Cerebral Cortex
  • Controls Sleep and Awake States
  • Located ABOVE the hypothalamus
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18
Q

Forebrain: Pituatary

A

• Endocrine system (hormonal system)

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19
Q

Forebrain: Amygdala

A
  • 2 almond shape neural clutters

* Linked to EMOTIONS

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20
Q

Forebrain: Hippocampus

A

• Memory

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21
Q

4 Lobes

A
  • Frontal
  • Parietal
  • Occipital
  • Temporal
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22
Q

Frontal Lobe

A
  • Front of the head
  • Voluntary movements
  • Attention
  • Goal oriented behavior
  • Receives info. from all of the senses
  • Plays important role in perception that involve coordination of 2 or more senses.
  • May be linked to emotional temperment
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23
Q

Occipital Lobe

A
  • Back of the head
  • Everything about seeing BEGINS here
  • Receives & processes visual information
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24
Q

Parietal Lobe

A
  • Language comprehension (also in temporal lobe)

* Processes touch, pain, temperature, figures special abilities

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25
Q

Temporal Lobe

A
  • Smelling
  • Hearing
  • Language comprehension
  • Helps us perform complex tasks.
26
Q

Neurons

A
  • Cannot do anything by themselves
  • Neuron activity is simple, but behavior is complex
  • Underlines ALL activity in the nervous system
  • Allows body to work
27
Q

Dendrite

A

• Picks up msg. from other neurons & deliver them to the cell body

28
Q

Neuron Parts

A
  • Axon
  • Dendrite
  • Cell body
  • Cell nucleus
  • Synapses
  • Myelin Sheath
29
Q

Synapses

A

• Space btwn. 2 neurons

30
Q

Myelin Sheath

A
  • Helps speed neural impulses

* Amplifies msg. of Axon

31
Q

Cell bodies

A
  • “Soma”
  • Largest part of the cell
  • HOLDS the nucleus
  • Where the DNA is, located in the chromosomes.
32
Q

Neural Communication

A

• Synaptic gap or cleft = separating neurons

33
Q

Action Potentials

A
  • Electricity
  • Spike
  • Has to go down the Axon
  • Stronger stimulus will trigger more neurons
  • Switches ion
  • Generated by + charged ions
  • Resting potential waiting for something to happen
34
Q

Firing Rate

A
  • Increasingly bright lights produce more firing (which is why we can distinguish a brighter bulb from a dimmer bulb)
  • Bigger stimulus=Higher frequency of action potential
35
Q

Position Emission Tomography (PET)

A
  • Functional
  • Radioactive trackers used
  • Consumption of glucose, blood flow, oxygen
36
Q

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

A
  • Functional
  • Blood flow
  • Can be measured w/out radio trackers
  • Indicates presence of brain activity
37
Q

Brain Imagery

A
  • Shows area of the brain that are active while the brain is completing cognitive tasks
  • Enables researchers to determine which brain areas are being activated
38
Q

Prosopagnosia

A

• Cannot recognize familiar faces

39
Q

Communication btwn Neurons

A

•latch like a key & a lock.

40
Q

Neurotransmitters

A
  • Have to find their appropriate “lock”
  • Have their own identity
  • Only found in certain areas of the brain
  • Interact with post synaptic membrane= can be excitatory (increase behavior) or inhibitory (decrease behavior)
41
Q

Dopamine

A
  • Movement
  • Learning
  • Attention
  • Emotion
  • Excess linked to schizophrenia
  • Undersupply= tremors, decrease of mobility of parkinson’s disease.
42
Q

Sending Neuron

A

• Pre-synaptic neuron

43
Q

Receiving Neuron

A

• Post-synaptic neuron

44
Q

Process of neurotransmitter

A
  1. Action potential travel from one neuron to another across the synapse
  2. When an action potential reaches an axon terminal = stimulates the release of neurotransmitter molecules from vesicles. Those molecules cross the synaptic gap and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron. Allows electrically charged atoms to enter the receiving neuron and excite or inhibit NEW action potential.
  3. REUPTAKE. Sending neuron normally reabsorbs excess neurotransmitter molecules.
45
Q

Norepinephrine

A
  • Helps control alertness & arousal

* Undersupply: depress mood

46
Q

GAMA (Gama-aminobutyric acid)

A
  • MAJOR inhibitory (decrease in behavior) neurotransmitter

* Undersupply=linked to seizures, tremors & insomnia

47
Q

Glutamate

A
  • Major excitatory (increase behavior)
  • important to memory
  • oversupply= can overstimulate brain producing migraines & seizures
  • why some ppl avoid MSG
48
Q

Acetylcholine (ACh)

A
  • Best understood
  • Vital role in learning & memory
  • Messenger at every junction btwn. a motor neuron & skeletal muscle
  • ACh released to our muscle cells=contracts
  • ACh is blocked = muscle cannot move
49
Q

Curacare

A

• Causes animal to become paralyzed

50
Q

Butulin

A

• Poison caused by improperly canned food

51
Q

Neurotransmitter “locks”

A
  • The right one
  • Agonist
  • Antagonist
52
Q

The right “lock”

A

• Molecular structure that fits the receptor site on receiving neuron

53
Q

Agonist “lock”

A
  • Mimics neurotransmitter
  • Excites
  • Similar enough that it mimics the effects of a receiving neuron
54
Q

Antagonist “lock”

A
  • Blocks neurotransmitter

* Similar enough to occupy receptor site, block action, but not similar enough to stimulate receptor.

55
Q

Drugs & neurotransmitters

A
  • block repute process=oversupply in synaptic gap
  • may stop producing its own opiates
  • Results=withdrawal symptoms
56
Q

Localization of funtion

A
  • Phineas gage was in a explosion where propelled tampered into skull. Woke up hours later w/ diff personality.
  • before: nice, hard-worker, responsible
  • after: impatient, profane, child-like
  • taught us diff. areas of function
57
Q

Phrenology & location

A
  • Believed you had to exercise your brain to maintain abilities
  • believed that brain changed shapes
  • First way of cataloging the brain
58
Q

Wernicke’s Aphasia

A
  • Larger lesion
  • speaking grammatical sentences, that don’t really have meaning
  • longer sentences
  • Random responses
59
Q

Broca’s Aphasia

A
  • Short sentences

* Ungrammatical sentences

60
Q

Plasticity

A
  • The ability of our brain to be retrained
  • happened specifically in the case of the girl who was having seizures, had a hemisphere removes & still lived a normal life.
61
Q

Limbic system

A

Emotional brain

62
Q

Axon

A

Transmits signals to other cells

Cognitive Psychology (9 decks)

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