Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

UWORLD-STEP2 (BA) > IM- Nephro > Flashcards

IM- Nephro Flashcards

1
Q

Causes for primary adrenal insufficiency (4)

A
  • Autoimmune
  • Infections (HIV, TB, disseminated fungal)
  • Hemorrhagic infarction (meningococcemia, anticoagulants)
  • Metastatic cancer (lung)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Clinical presentation for acute adrenal insufficiency (4)

A
  • Shock
  • Abd tenderness with deep palpation
  • Unexplained fever
  • N/V, weight loss and anorexia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Lab findings for acute adrenal insufficiency (4)

A
  • Hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, hypercalcemia and eosinophilia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Clinical presentation for chronic adrenal insufficiency (5)

A
  • Fatigue, weakness and anorexia
  • GI (N/V, abd pain)
  • Weight loss
  • Hyper pigmentation or vitiligo
  • Hypotension
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Lab findings for chronic adrenal insufficiency (5)

A

-Hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, hypercalcemia, eosinophilia & anemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How to diagnose adrenal insufficiency

A
  • measure ACTH and Serum cortisol with high-dose (250microgram) ACTH stimulation test
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What do you expect to see in primary adrenal insufficiency during ACTH stimulation test

A

low cortisol

high ACTH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What do you expect to see in secondary adrenal insufficiency during ACTH stimulation test

A

low cortisol

low ACTH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what acid-base imbalance is seen in Primary adrenal insufficiency (Addison disease)?

A

normal anion gap metabolic acidosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Causes of Hyponatremia with
<290 serum osmolarity and
<100 urine osmolality (2)

A
  • Primary polydipsia

- Malnutrition (beer drinker’s potomania)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Causes of Hyponatremia with

>290 serum osmolarity (2)

A
  • Marked hyperglycemia

- Advanced renal failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Causes of Hyponatremia with
<290 serum osmolarity
>100 urine osmolality &
Urine sodium <25 (3)

A
  • Volume depletion
  • CHF
  • Cirrhosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Causes of Hyponatremia with
<290 serum osmolarity
>100 urine osmolality &
Urine sodium >25 (3)

A
  • SIADH
  • Adrenal insufficiency
  • Hypothyroidism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q
  • 5 days of URI
  • Young adult men (20-30)
  • Recurrent gross hematuria
A

IgA nephropathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q
  • 10-21 days after URI
  • Children (6-10)
  • gross hematuria
  • Adults can be asymptomatic or develop an acute nephritic syndrome
A

Post-infectious glomerulonephritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q
  • Normal Complement

- Mesangial IgA deposits on kidney biopsy

A

IgA nephropathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q
  • Low C3 complement
  • Elevated anti-streptolysin O &/or anti-DNAse B
  • Kidney biopsy with subepithelial humps consisting of C3 complement
A

Post-infectious glomerulonephritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What lab value differentiates Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia (FHH) with primary hyperparathyroidism?

A

Urinary calcium level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

High serum Calcium
High serum PTH
Low urinary calcium

A

Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia (FHH)- AD mutation of calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

High serum Calcium
High serum PTH
High urinary calcium

A

Primary Hyperparathyroidism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the 4 types of urinary incontinence

A

Stress
Urgency
Mixed
Overflow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Constanct involuntary dribbling and incomplete emptying? Dx? Tx(3)?

A

Overflow urinary incontinence

  • Correct underlying cause
  • Cholinergic agonists
  • Intermittent self-catheterization
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Leakage with Valsalva (coughing, sneezing, laughing). Dx? Tx(4)?

A

Stress urinary incontinence

  • Lifestyle modification
  • Pelvic floor exercises
  • Pessary
  • Pelvic floor surgery
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Sudden, overwhelming, or frequent need to void. Dx? Tx (3)?

A

Urgency urinary incontinence

  • Lifestyle modifications
  • Bladder training
  • Antimuscarinic drugs (Oxybutynin therapy)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

24F, worsening headache, fatigue, sunburn on the face, bilateral pitting ankle edema, UA- protein+, RBC+, RBC casts+

A

-SLE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q
  • Gradula symptom onset
  • Joint, renal, serosal &/or neurologic involvement
  • Rash
A

SLE

27
Q

Dx for SLE

A
  • Anemia. leukopenia, thrombocytopenia
    • ANA, Anti-double-stranded DNA, anti-smith
  • Low complement levels, increased immune complexes
28
Q

The onset of Acute interstitial nephritis (AIN) caused by meds like beta lactams and PPI

A

7-10days after exposure

29
Q

AKI = 7 days of starting drug, WA with hematuria, pyuria and crystals, increased risk with volume depletion and CKD

A

Crystal-induced AKI

30
Q

Drugs that can cause Crystal-induced AKI (6)

A 
Acyclovir
Sulfonamides
Methotrexate
Ethylene glycol
protease inhibitors
Uric acid (tumor lysis syndrome)
31
Q

Hypochloremia
hypokalemia
elevated bicarbonate level

A

GI losses due to vomiting

32
Q

Causes of metabolic alkalosis that are saline-responsive (5)

A
  • Vomiting
  • Gastric suctioning
  • Diuretics
  • Laxative abuse
  • Decreased oral fluid intake (volume depletion)
33
Q

Causes of metabolic alkalosis that are saline-resistant (3)

A
  • Primary hyperaldosteronism
  • Cushing’s syndrome
  • Severe hypokalemia
34
Q

easy fatigability, postural dizziness, muscle cramps

A

volume depletion

35
Q

Muscle weakness and arrhythmias

A

Hypokalemia

36
Q

Hypernatremic- hypovolemic and symptomatic. Tx?

A

0.9%NS until euvolemic and the 5% dextrose

37
Q

Hypernatremic- hypovolemic and Asymptomatic. Tx?

A

5% dextrose (preferred hypotonic fluid than 0.45%)

38
Q

Hypernatremic- Euvolemic. Tx?

A

Free water preferred

39
Q

The most common electrolyte abnormality in Chronic alcoholism? Cause (3)

A

Hypomagnesemia

- Poor nutritional intake, alcohol-induced renal losses, diarrhea)

40
Q

Hypokalemia that cannot be corrected with potassium replacement is called? Caused by?

A

refractory hypokalemia
- Intracellular magnesium
(inhibit potassium secretion by renal outer medullary potassium (ROMK) channels - causing excessive renal potassium loss )

41
Q

Organ systems affected by diabetic autonomic neuropathy (4)?

A

Cardiovascular
Peripheral nerves
GI
GU

42
Q

The most common cause of chronic primary adrenal insufficiency (Addison disease) in endemic areas is

A

TB

43
Q

Aldosterone deficiency that presents with a non-anion gap and hyperkalemic and hyponatremic metabolic acidosis

A

Addison’s disease

44
Q

The metabolic acidosis caused by aspirin intoxication is due to (2)

A

increased production

decreased renal elimination of organic acids (lactic acid, ketoacids)

45
Q

Drugs that cause Acute interstitial nephritis (4)

A

NSAIDS
PCN
TMP-SMX
cephalosporines

46
Q

Drugs that cause hyperkalemia (8)

A 
TMX(trimethoprim)
Nonselective beta-adrenergic blockers
ACE inhibitors, ARB, K sparing diuretics
Digitalis
Cyclosporine
Heparin
NSAIDS
Succinylcholine
47
Q

Three conditions that predisposes to the formation of calcium oxalate stones ?

A
  • Small bowel disease
  • Surgical resection
  • Chronic diarrhea
    leading to malabsorption of fatty acids and bile salts
48
Q

What kind of hypernatremia is caused by diabetes insipidus (DI)?

A

Euvolemic

49
Q

4 causes of nephrogenic DI resulting from renal ADH resistance

A
  • Hypercalcemia
  • Sever hypokalemia
  • Tubulointerstitial renal disease
  • mediation
50
Q

Flushing (Cherry-red color), cyanosis, headache, altered mental status, seizures, coma, arrthymia, tachypnea followed by respiratory depression, pulmonary edema, abd pain, N/V, metabolic acidosis (from lactic acidosis), renal failure

A

Cyanide accumulation and toxicity

51
Q

what can cause cyanide toxicity (3)

A
  • Wool, silk
  • Metal extraction in mining
  • sodium nitroprusside
52
Q

2 risk factors for Hepatorenal syndrome

A
  • Advanced cirrhosis with portal HTN

- Edema

53
Q

No RBC, Protein, or granular casts in urine
No improvement in renal function with fluids
Absence of tubular injury
FeNa <1% (or Urine Na < 10mEQ/L)
Renal hypo perfusion

A

Hepatorenal syndrome

54
Q

splanchnic vasoconstrictors (3)

A
  • Midodrine
  • Octreotide
  • NE
55
Q

Renal transplant dysfunction early post-operative period can have 5 causes

A
  • Ureteral obstruction
  • Acute rejection
  • Cyclosporine toxicity
  • Acute tubular necrosis
56
Q

how is acute renal transplant rejection treated?

A

IV steroids

57
Q

Tinnitus
Fever
Tachypnea

A

Salicylate intoxication

58
Q

Acid-base imbalance in aspirin intoxication

A

Mixed respiratory alkalosis

anion gap metabolic acidosis

59
Q

What is the type of hematuria in patient with

Glomerular hematuria vs nonglomerular hematuria

A

G; Microscopic>gross

Non-G; Gross >microscopic

60
Q

common disease that cause glomerular hematuria (3)

A

Poststreptococcal
IgA nephropathy
Alport syndrome

61
Q

common disease that cause non-glomerular hematuria (5)

A 
Nephrolithiasis
Cancer
Polycystic kidney disease
infection (cystitis)
papillary necrosis
62
Q

UA finding in Glomerular hematuria (4)

A

Blood
Protein
RBC casts
dysmorphic RBCs

63
Q

UA finding in Nonglomerula hematuria (2)

A

Blood

Normal-appearing RBCs

UWORLD-STEP2 (BA) (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions