ILA Flashcards
Which artery most frequently supplies the Atrio Ventricular Node?
Right coronary artery
Which sentence best describes the relationships of BP & SVR with the parasympathetic nervous system?
Parasympathetic nerves do not have a major influence on peripheral blood vessel diameter as blood vessels do not have parasympathetic innervation.
What is the purpose of the Ductus Arteriosus in the foetal cardiovascular system?
allow blood to bypass the foetal lungs by shunting it from the Pulmonary Artery to the Aorta
Which nerve innervates the pericardium?
Phrenic nerve
Which sentence best describes the relationships of SVR & BP with the sympathetic nervous system?
Sympathetic nerves decrease peripheral blood vessel diameter thereby increasing systemic vascular resistance and increasing blood pressure.
Occlusion is most likely to result in a fatal heart attack
Left main coronary artery
What is the term used to describe a malignant tumour of the pleural membranes?
Mesothelioma
Which of these cells provides cilia for the mucociliary escalator?
Columnar Epithelial Cells
Which of these factors will contribute to causing bronchodilation?
Adrenaline causes bronchodilation, by binding to β 2 -receptors in the smooth muscle of the bronchioles and causing their relaxation.
Central chemoreceptors are located in the ventral medulla and respond to:
CSF pH
Which of these substances is secreted by Enterochromaffin (ECL) Cells
Histamine
Which of the following structures is NOT present in the Porta Hepatis?
Hepatic vein
What is the action of the proton pump in the parietal cells of the stomach?
K+ into cell, H+ out of cell
Which of the following structures is classified in embryology as part of the ‘foregut’
Gallbladder Lower third of oesophagus Proximal half of the Duodenum Pancreas Gallbladder
You are trying to design a drug to act on histamine receptors on parietal cells to help patients with reflux disease. What would be the mechanism of this drug?
Inhibits Histamine 2 receptors to reduce acid secretion
Which of these is not a function of the liver?
Glycogen storage
Which of the following statements is True?
Cholecystokinin is released in response to the presence of amino acids in the gut.
Which of the following statements is False?
The hepatic blood supply is 35-40% of the cardiac output.
Obstructive jaundice is commonly caused by gall stones within what structure?
Common bile duct
A 42-year-old female suffers a violent headache followed by sudden collapse. You notice that her left pupil is fixed and dilated and her left eye is deviated laterally and downwards. Which artery is likely to have been affected?
Posterior communicating artery
Posterior communicating artery
• This is most likely due to rupture of a posterior communicating aneurysm leading to a sub arachnoid haemorrhage.
• This has caused an ipsilateral third nerve palsy causing her pupil to dilate and the eye to deviate laterally and downwards.
• Paralysis of the third cranial nerve affects the medial, superior, and inferior recti, and inferior oblique muscles.
• The eye is incapable of movement upwards, downwards or inwards, and at rest the eye looks laterally and downwards owing to the overriding influence of the lateral rectus and superior oblique muscles respectively.
A 53-year-old man with hypertension presents with sudden collapse; unable to move any part of his body except for eye movements, he appears to understand your questions but is unable to answer. Where is the likely lesion?
Brainstem
Brainstem lesions
• This is locked-in syndrome.
• Patients cannot move or communicate verbally due to paralysis of nearly all voluntary muscles.
• Blinking and vertical gaze may be preserved depending on the extent and level of the lesion within the brainstem
• They are conscious and aware.
• Complete recovery is rare.
A 69-year-old lady was slurring her words at a church coffee morning. At the same time, her right arm began to feel heavy and weak. 24 hours later all her symptoms had resolved. Which of these is the likely cause?
Stroke/TIA
- Acute stroke is characterised by sudden onset of focal neurological deficit e.g. hemiplegia
- Can be ischaemic or haemorrhagic
- If function recovers within 24 hours then it is termed a transient ischaemic attack (TIA)
A 40-year-old removal man felt immediate back pain and a popping sensation after lifting a heavy box. The next day he noticed he was tripping over his right foot as it was dragging along the floor. Where is the cause most likely to be located?
Nerve root
- This is a case of foot drop
- It is caused by paralysis of the muscles that lift the foot
- Given the history the most likely cause of damage is compression of the nerve root by a prolapsed vertebral disc.
An elderly patient with a stiff flexed arm, and a stiff extended leg (both on the left) which the patient finds difficult to bend. Where is the cause most likely to be located?
Upper motor neurone