IHO Week 1 Flashcards
1
Q
IL1 Family
A
- secreted early
- stimulated by foreign antigen
- pro inflammatory
- IL-1, IL-18 family
2
Q
Plasma vs Serum
A
Plasma clots (serum doesn’t have clotting factors like fibrinogen)
3
Q
RBCs more or less than leukocytes
A
500-1000x more RBCs
4
Q
Platelets Lifespan
A
8-10 days
5
Q
Platelets Function
A
clotting
6
Q
Platelets Derived From
A
megakaryocytes
7
Q
Granulocytes/PMN (specific granules)
A
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
8
Q
Agranulocytes
A
lymphocytes and monocytes
9
Q
Granulocytes vs Agranulocytes
A
granulocytes unable to divide in the blood but agranulocytes can divide for entire life cycle
10
Q
Neutrophils
A
-granulocyte, multi lobed nucleus, 50-70% differential count, 12-15 um in diameter
11
Q
3 Killing Mechanisms of Neutrophil
A
Phagocytosis, Degranulation and Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs)
12
Q
Eosinophils
A
1-6% of differential count, 12-17 microns (same as neutrophil size), bright pink granule cells (azurophilic)
13
Q
Location of Eosinophils
A
lamina propria underlying epithelium of gi and respiratory tract (locations of parasites)
14
Q
Basophils
A
.5% of differential
15
Q
Basophils
A
rare cells in the blood, irregular shape nucleus that is difficult to see
16
Q
Reason for increase in Basophils
A
leukemias, chicken pox (small pox), sinus inflammations
17
Q
Functions of Basophil
A
allergic and inflammatory rxns, Fc receptors on plasma membrane to recognize Fc fragment of IgE, release histamine, produce leukotrienes
18
Q
Leukotrienes Function
A
similar to histamine, but slower and more persistent and increase blood flow to site of infection
19
Q
Agranulocyte-Lymphocyte
A
20-40% of differential, 6-12 um (may see some azur granules, but not many)
20
Q
Lymphocyte Nucleus
A
-dark staining, hill and valley pattern of heterochromatic vs euchromatin
21
Q
Classes of Lymphocytes
A
B, T and NK cells (can’t tell apart histologically)
22
Q
B Lymphocytes
A
15% of circulating lymphocytes, mature in bone marrow and go into circulation to lymphatic tissue to be functional
23
Q
B Lymphocytes
A
give rise to plasma cells to produce antibody to humoral immune response or memory cells for secondary immune response
24
Q
T Lymphocytes
A
80-90% of circulating lymphocytes
25
T lymphocytes
pass through thymus, develop individual antigenic specificity, activation via appropriate antigen and macrophage presentation
26
T Lymphocyte Subsets
cannot distinguish histologically
27
T cell functions
-cell mediated immune response and humoral mediated immune response
28
NK Cells
able to kills cells without stimulation of antigen via release of perforin proteins to form pores to apoptosis, important in cancer and viral infx
29
NK vs NKT
not the same kind of cell, come from different stem cells
30
Monocytes
2-8% of differential count, 12-20 um
31
Monocytes Nucleus
indented, oval, kidney or horseshoe-shaped
32
Monocyte Function
differentiate into macrophage in the connective tissues and other places
33
Chylomicrons
found in plasma, fat combined with plasma proteins, particularly apparent after a fatty meal
34
Hemoconia
junk in the blood stream, broken down RBCs/endothelial cells/other debris not filtered out by liver or spleen
35
Lymph Plasma
carries carbonic acid, but little oxygen
36
Lymph Cells
lymphocytes mostly, but if granulocytes in significant numbers there is pathology
37
Lymph Coagulates
slowly
38
Myeloid Tissue
produces most blood cell types, medullary cavity of bones, several subdivisions of hematopoiesis, common myeloid progenitor
39
Lymphoid Tissue
abundance of lymphocytes, responsible for immune defenses, thymus/lymph nodes/spleen/non-encapsulated lymph nodules, common lymphoid progenitor
40
Progression with age of hematopoiesis
yolk sac to liver to spleen to lymph nodes to bone marrow to thymus
41
Yolk Sac Hematopoiesis
first place; forms 2 types: enothelials cells to primitive vessels, undifferentiated pluipotential stem cells
42
Liver Hematopoiesis
major function in to form RBCs, originally nucleated until 11th week of gestation
43
Spleen Hematopoiesis
3rd fetal month, RBCs and granulocytes, peaks at 3rd-5th fetal months until 7th-8th when it changes to bone marrow; lymphopoiesis continues in spleen for life
44
Bone Marrow Hematopoiesis
5th fetal month, starts in the clavicle b/c first place with medullary cavity
45
Thymus
-lymphopoiesis only in 5th fetal month to form T cells
46
Extramedullary Myelopoiesis
Pathological condition seen in leukemias, myloid tissue outside of bone marrow
47
Myeloid Tissue Types
Yellow Marrow and Red Marrow
48
Yellow Marrow
occupies diaphysis of long bones, fat and blood vessels, increases with age
49
Red Marrow
dipole of skull, ribs, vertebral bodies, cancellous bone, long and short bones, iliac crest; site of Hematopoiesis, % increase with age
50
Components of Myeloid Tissue in Bone Marrow
stroma, sinusoids, developing blood cells
51
Stroma Cells
fibroblast, macrophages, adipocytes, osteogenic cells, endothelial cells
52
Stroma Fibers
collagenous fibers, reticular fibers
53
Sinusoids
sinusoidal capillaries, connect arterial to venous side of circulation, permit red and wbc to enter circulation via diapedisis (intercellular gaps and endothelial cell pores)
54
Erythropoietin
induced by hypoxia in kidney and other sites to increase number of hemoglobin-forming cells by stimulation of stem cells CFU-E
55
Erythropoiesis
RBC development, cytoplasm goes from basophilic to eosinophilic and volume decreases; nucleus is large to small to gone, stain from light (eu) to dark (heterochromatic), chromatin from fine to clumped pattern
56
Erythropoiesis
RBC most prominent in the blood; 20-30% of bone marrow cells involved in RBC production; maturation from basophilic erythroblas is about 1 week
57
Granulopoiesis Cytoplasm
basophilic to lack of staining, specific granules gradually increase in #, azurophilic granules gradually decrease in #
58
Granulopoiesis Nucleus
round to polymorphonuclear, necleoli are present to disappear
59
Granulopoiesis
1,250,000 WBCs/second released to circulation, 14 days to develop, circulate in peripheral blood for 6-10 hours, leave vascular system to connective tissue for 1-2 days
60
Thrombocytopoiesis
generation of platelets; giant nucleated cell called megakaryocyte-> platelets; nucleus to endomitosis without cytokinesis or karyokinesis (polyploid cells formed, 16-64N DNA, multilobed nucleus)
61
Defensin (alpha and beta)
skin, mucosal of mouth, gi, respiratory tract, urogenital tract; disrupt membranes of bacteria/fungi/protozoan/parasites and viruses; additional toxic effects intracellular; kills cells and disable viruses
62
Cathelicidin
antimicrobial peptides
63
Adaptive Immunity
B cells, T cells (Th helper cells and Tc cytotoxic cell)
64
Interferons
cytokines important in limiting the spread of viral infections
65
Interleukins
large group of cytokines produced mainly by T cells; variety of functions including causing neighboring cells to divide and differentiate
66
Colony Stimulating Factors
primarily involved in directing the division and differentiation of bone marrow stem cells and precursors of blood leukocytes; controls how many and what kind of leukocyte is to be produced
67
Chemokine
chemotactic cytokine used to direct the movement of leukocytes around the body
68
Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNFs)
particularly important in mediating inflammation and cytotoxic reactions
69
Transforming Growth Factors (TGFs)
important in regulating cell division and tissue repair
70
PLC Pathway
TCR-> PLCgamma1-> calcineurin-> NFAT
71
PKC activates transcription via
NF-kB (transcription is associated with pro-inflammatory and associated with pro-inflammatory and activation events rather than regulatory process)
72
Pleiotropic
induces different biological effects depending on the nature of the target cell type
73
Redundant
2 or more cytokines that mediate similar functions
74
Synergy
combined effect of two cytokines on cellular activity is greater than the additive effects of the cytokines
75
Antagonize
the effect of one cytokine cancels out the effect of another cytokine
76
Cascade Induction
the effect of one cytokine on a target cell leads to the production of one or more additional cytokines from that target cell
77
Cathlecidins
CATionic HELIcal bacteriCIDal proteIN alpha helical peptides (LL37 is highly expressed by PMNs and mucosal/epithelial cell types)
78
Defensins
B strand peptides connected by disulfide bonds
79
IL3
both adaptive and innate immunity
80
IL3 and GM-CSF
only myeloid progenitor
81
Signal Transduction Steps
(Reception) hormone/environmental stimulus->(Transduction) relay molecules-> (response) activation of cellular responses
82
cytokines
cell:cell signalling; all are proteins or glycoproteins; soluble messenger molecules secreted by cells of the immune system (can be nonimmune cells)
83
Cyclosporine
Blocks t cell mediated autoimmune ds and organ transplant rejection via blocking calcineurin
84
Genes activated by NFAT
IL2 (critical for controlling T cell proliferation)
85
Types of Capsid Symmetry
Icosahedral, Spherical, Helical
86
How to describe viruses?
genomic organization (RNAss or ds v DNA), capsid symmetry, presence of envelope, tropism
87
Steps in viral replication
entry to host, replicating proteins, replicating nucleic acids, packaging proteins and nucleic acids into virions, exiting the cell
88
CFU-E
differentiate into cells without a nucleus
89
Antiviral therapy
inhibit viral genome replication; mimic the shape of a nucleotide (or nucleoside) and plug up the enzymes that replicate the viral genome (need to have higher affinity for viral enzyme than host enzyme)
90
Viral Pathogenesis Acute
cell death, inflammation
91
Viral Pathogenesis Long Term
Malignancies, Immune suppression to opportunistic infections
92
Viruses Express Oncogenes
mimic and interact with host cell's normal replication machinery and promote uncontrolled cellular proliferation
93
Viral Oncogenes Act at
G1->S phase checkpoint, regulation of cell death by apoptosis or immunological synapse
94
Central Lymphatic Tissues
bone marrow and thymus
95
Peripheral (Secondary) Lymphatic Tissue
mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue or nodular non-encapsulated lymphatic tissue, lymph nodes, spleen
96
Functions of Lymphatic Tissue
lymphocyte production, immune responses: small lymphocytes-recirculate between blood and lymph, immunocompetent cells (capable of responding to antigen) b cells and t cells
97
Lymphoid Tissues-Stroma
reticular cells (fibroblasts that secrete collagen), macrophages (apc), dendritic cells, follicular dendritic cells and reticular fibers (type 3 collagen)
98
Lymphoid Cells
small, medium, large lymphocytes, plasma cells
99
Non encapsulated lymphatic tissues
diffuse lymphatic tissue or nodular lymphatic tissue
100
Diffuse lymphatic tissue
GI, respiratory, urinary tract (loose or dense)
101
Nodular Lymphatic Tissue
GI, respiratory, urinary tract, represent local immune responses to antigens, characterized by solitary lymphatic nodules dense col
102
Lymphatic Nodules
localized production of lymphocytes, smaller/no capsule and not a filter /c no associated with the lymphatic vessel when compared with lymph node
103
Primary Lymphatic Nodules
dark staining spherical balls of lymphocytes
104
Secondary Lymphatic Nodules
contain a reaction-germinal center; appear after birth, antigen dependent, thymus required, decline after childhood
105
Large and Medium Lymphocytes
lymphoblasts, mitotic (mostly b cells)
106
Small Lymphocytes
more numerous, mitosis not common, enlarge and divide when stimulated (B and T lymphocytes)
107
Cells of Germinal Center
large/medium and small lymphocytes, macrophages, follicular dendritic cells, plasma cells
108
follicular dendritic cells
determines if memory cells are created **look up info on them
109
Lymphatic Nodules
NOT in the THYMUS; solitary, lymph nodes, spleen
110
Non-encapsulated nodular lymphatic tissue
tonsils, peyer's patches, appendix
111
Functions of Non-encapsulated lymphatic tissues
trapping of antigen, lymphocyte production (b cell proliferation), destruction of antigen, selection of memory lymphocytes
112
Encapsulated Lymphatic Tissue
lymph nodes, spleen and thymus
113
Lymph Node-what makes it unique
-only lymphatic organ in course of lymphatic vessels and has lymphatic sinus and filters lymph (filtration done by macrophages)
114
Morphological Features of Lymph Node
Capsule, Trabeculae, Stroma (cells of reticular, dendritic,, macrophages, and FDCs), endothelial cels
115
Cortex of the Lymph Node
reticular fibers and stromal cells, lymphocytes, lymphatic nodules (germinal centers, transient, tails that ectend into medulla as medullary cords), stromal cells
116
Medulla of lymph node
lymphoid tissue suppported by reticular fibers and stromal cells, consists of medullary cords and medullary sinuses, cells of small lymphocytes; differentiating and mature plasma cells and macrophages
117
Sinuses of Lymph Nodes
lined by endothelial cells with larger intercellular gaps (important for filtration); lymphocytes enter lymphatic sinues and leave lymph node via efferent lymphatics at hilus
118
Path of Lymph Flow
afferent lymph vessel, subcapsular sinus, trabecular sinus, paracortical sinus, medullary sinus to efferent lymphatic vessel
119
Function of Lymph Node
lymph filter (macrophages), lymphictye production, antibody production (plasma cells)
120
Thymus-afferent vessels y/n
no afferent lymphatic vessels
121
Thymus efferent lymphatic vessels location
in capsule and connective tissue
122
Thymus Reticular Stroma made of
epithelial reticular cells (no reticular fibers)
123
Tcells enter circulation at
corticomedullary junction (inner region of thymus with smallest, most mature lymphocytes)
124
Unique Structure to Thymus
Hassal's (thymic) corpuscles
125
Spleen
largest lymphatic organ, no afferent lymphatic vessels, efferent lymphatic vessels present, no lymph sinus
126
Spleen White Pulp: Periaterial Lymphatic Sheaths (PAL)
surround white pulp artery (central artery), contain primarily T cells
127
Spleen White Pulp: Splenic Nodules
scattered throughout the splenic pulp, contain primarily B cells
128
Spleen Red Pulp: Splenic Sinuses
vascular passageways, lined by specialized endothelial cells
129
Spleen Red Pulp: Splenic Cords (billroth cords)
located b/w sinuses, contain RBC, ranulocytes, lymphocytes, macrophages, platelets; plasma cells, reticular cells and fibers
130
Spleen Red Pulp: Marginal Zone
transitional b/w red and white pulp, small blood vessels dump here, recirculating lymphocytes return to enter wither the periarterial lymphoid sheaths or the splenic nodules
131
Components of Penicilli
red pulp artery, sheathed artery, terminal artery
132
Spleen Open Circulation
terminal capillaries into red pulp
133
Spleen Closed Circulation
terminal capillaries open into sinusoids
134
Spleen Sinusoids
elongated and narrow endothelial cells that are supported by an anastomosing ring of basement membrane and reticular fibers that encircle the sinusoid like hoops of a barrel (leaky b/c of gaps)
135
Functions of the Spleen
antibody presentation by APCs to activation of T and B cells to produce antibodies and ultimate removal of macromolecular antigens from the blood
136
Splenic Hemopoietic Functions
removal of damaged erythrocytes, platelets and recycles iron; forms fetal erythrocytes and granulocytes and stores RBCs and platelets
137
Severe Congenital Neutropenias
many causes that lead to lack of ability to produce or maintain a normal level of neutrophils; frequent bacterial infx
138
Chronic Granulomatous Ds
unable to produceH2)2 and hypochlorous acid, can't phagocytize bacteria
139
Chediak-Higashi Syndrome
defect in gene LYST (CHS1) a lysosomal trafficking gene that affects lysosomes and melanosomes, increased bacterial infx
140
Leukocyte AdhesionDeficiency
lack of integrin subunit, the common B chain, unable to recruit innate immune cells to site of inflammation, increase susceptibility to bacterial/fungal/viral infx
141
Neutrophil Granules Azurophilic Granules
Reddish-purple, lysosomal myeloperoxidase, appear early in development and then diminish in number (20%)
142
Neutrophil Granules Specific Granules
lavender or lilac, akaline phosphatase, hydrolases active at neutral or alkaline pH, bactericidal substances (lysozyme and lactoferrin)
143
Neutrophil Granules-Tertiary Granules
gelatinase, glycoproteins destined for cell membrane, contents aid cell in the phagocytic process and may facilitate movement throughout the connective tissue
