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IHO Week 1 > IHO Week 1 > Flashcards

IHO Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

IL1 Family

A
  • secreted early
  • stimulated by foreign antigen
  • pro inflammatory
  • IL-1, IL-18 family
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2
Q

Plasma vs Serum

A

Plasma clots (serum doesn’t have clotting factors like fibrinogen)

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3
Q

RBCs more or less than leukocytes

A

500-1000x more RBCs

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4
Q

Platelets Lifespan

A

8-10 days

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5
Q

Platelets Function

A

clotting

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6
Q

Platelets Derived From

A

megakaryocytes

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7
Q

Granulocytes/PMN (specific granules)

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

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8
Q

Agranulocytes

A

lymphocytes and monocytes

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9
Q

Granulocytes vs Agranulocytes

A

granulocytes unable to divide in the blood but agranulocytes can divide for entire life cycle

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10
Q

Neutrophils

A

-granulocyte, multi lobed nucleus, 50-70% differential count, 12-15 um in diameter

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11
Q

3 Killing Mechanisms of Neutrophil

A

Phagocytosis, Degranulation and Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs)

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12
Q

Eosinophils

A

1-6% of differential count, 12-17 microns (same as neutrophil size), bright pink granule cells (azurophilic)

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13
Q

Location of Eosinophils

A

lamina propria underlying epithelium of gi and respiratory tract (locations of parasites)

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14
Q

Basophils

A

.5% of differential

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15
Q

Basophils

A

rare cells in the blood, irregular shape nucleus that is difficult to see

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16
Q

Reason for increase in Basophils

A

leukemias, chicken pox (small pox), sinus inflammations

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17
Q

Functions of Basophil

A

allergic and inflammatory rxns, Fc receptors on plasma membrane to recognize Fc fragment of IgE, release histamine, produce leukotrienes

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18
Q

Leukotrienes Function

A

similar to histamine, but slower and more persistent and increase blood flow to site of infection

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19
Q

Agranulocyte-Lymphocyte

A

20-40% of differential, 6-12 um (may see some azur granules, but not many)

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20
Q

Lymphocyte Nucleus

A

-dark staining, hill and valley pattern of heterochromatic vs euchromatin

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21
Q

Classes of Lymphocytes

A

B, T and NK cells (can’t tell apart histologically)

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22
Q

B Lymphocytes

A

15% of circulating lymphocytes, mature in bone marrow and go into circulation to lymphatic tissue to be functional

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23
Q

B Lymphocytes

A

give rise to plasma cells to produce antibody to humoral immune response or memory cells for secondary immune response

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24
Q

T Lymphocytes

A

80-90% of circulating lymphocytes

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25
Q

T lymphocytes

A

pass through thymus, develop individual antigenic specificity, activation via appropriate antigen and macrophage presentation

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26
Q

T Lymphocyte Subsets

A

cannot distinguish histologically

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27
Q

T cell functions

A

-cell mediated immune response and humoral mediated immune response

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28
Q

NK Cells

A

able to kills cells without stimulation of antigen via release of perforin proteins to form pores to apoptosis, important in cancer and viral infx

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29
Q

NK vs NKT

A

not the same kind of cell, come from different stem cells

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30
Q

Monocytes

A

2-8% of differential count, 12-20 um

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31
Q

Monocytes Nucleus

A

indented, oval, kidney or horseshoe-shaped

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32
Q

Monocyte Function

A

differentiate into macrophage in the connective tissues and other places

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33
Q

Chylomicrons

A

found in plasma, fat combined with plasma proteins, particularly apparent after a fatty meal

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34
Q

Hemoconia

A

junk in the blood stream, broken down RBCs/endothelial cells/other debris not filtered out by liver or spleen

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35
Q

Lymph Plasma

A

carries carbonic acid, but little oxygen

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36
Q

Lymph Cells

A

lymphocytes mostly, but if granulocytes in significant numbers there is pathology

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37
Q

Lymph Coagulates

A

slowly

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38
Q

Myeloid Tissue

A

produces most blood cell types, medullary cavity of bones, several subdivisions of hematopoiesis, common myeloid progenitor

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39
Q

Lymphoid Tissue

A

abundance of lymphocytes, responsible for immune defenses, thymus/lymph nodes/spleen/non-encapsulated lymph nodules, common lymphoid progenitor

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40
Q

Progression with age of hematopoiesis

A

yolk sac to liver to spleen to lymph nodes to bone marrow to thymus

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41
Q

Yolk Sac Hematopoiesis

A

first place; forms 2 types: enothelials cells to primitive vessels, undifferentiated pluipotential stem cells

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42
Q

Liver Hematopoiesis

A

major function in to form RBCs, originally nucleated until 11th week of gestation

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43
Q

Spleen Hematopoiesis

A

3rd fetal month, RBCs and granulocytes, peaks at 3rd-5th fetal months until 7th-8th when it changes to bone marrow; lymphopoiesis continues in spleen for life

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44
Q

Bone Marrow Hematopoiesis

A

5th fetal month, starts in the clavicle b/c first place with medullary cavity

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45
Q

Thymus

A

-lymphopoiesis only in 5th fetal month to form T cells

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46
Q

Extramedullary Myelopoiesis

A

Pathological condition seen in leukemias, myloid tissue outside of bone marrow

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47
Q

Myeloid Tissue Types

A

Yellow Marrow and Red Marrow

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48
Q

Yellow Marrow

A

occupies diaphysis of long bones, fat and blood vessels, increases with age

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49
Q

Red Marrow

A

dipole of skull, ribs, vertebral bodies, cancellous bone, long and short bones, iliac crest; site of Hematopoiesis, % increase with age

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50
Q

Components of Myeloid Tissue in Bone Marrow

A

stroma, sinusoids, developing blood cells

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51
Q

Stroma Cells

A

fibroblast, macrophages, adipocytes, osteogenic cells, endothelial cells

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52
Q

Stroma Fibers

A

collagenous fibers, reticular fibers

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53
Q

Sinusoids

A

sinusoidal capillaries, connect arterial to venous side of circulation, permit red and wbc to enter circulation via diapedisis (intercellular gaps and endothelial cell pores)

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54
Q

Erythropoietin

A

induced by hypoxia in kidney and other sites to increase number of hemoglobin-forming cells by stimulation of stem cells CFU-E

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55
Q

Erythropoiesis

A

RBC development, cytoplasm goes from basophilic to eosinophilic and volume decreases; nucleus is large to small to gone, stain from light (eu) to dark (heterochromatic), chromatin from fine to clumped pattern

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56
Q

Erythropoiesis

A

RBC most prominent in the blood; 20-30% of bone marrow cells involved in RBC production; maturation from basophilic erythroblas is about 1 week

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57
Q

Granulopoiesis Cytoplasm

A

basophilic to lack of staining, specific granules gradually increase in #, azurophilic granules gradually decrease in #

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58
Q

Granulopoiesis Nucleus

A

round to polymorphonuclear, necleoli are present to disappear

59
Q

Granulopoiesis

A

1,250,000 WBCs/second released to circulation, 14 days to develop, circulate in peripheral blood for 6-10 hours, leave vascular system to connective tissue for 1-2 days

60
Q

Thrombocytopoiesis

A

generation of platelets; giant nucleated cell called megakaryocyte-> platelets; nucleus to endomitosis without cytokinesis or karyokinesis (polyploid cells formed, 16-64N DNA, multilobed nucleus)

61
Q

Defensin (alpha and beta)

A

skin, mucosal of mouth, gi, respiratory tract, urogenital tract; disrupt membranes of bacteria/fungi/protozoan/parasites and viruses; additional toxic effects intracellular; kills cells and disable viruses

62
Q

Cathelicidin

A

antimicrobial peptides

63
Q

Adaptive Immunity

A

B cells, T cells (Th helper cells and Tc cytotoxic cell)

64
Q

Interferons

A

cytokines important in limiting the spread of viral infections

65
Q

Interleukins

A

large group of cytokines produced mainly by T cells; variety of functions including causing neighboring cells to divide and differentiate

66
Q

Colony Stimulating Factors

A

primarily involved in directing the division and differentiation of bone marrow stem cells and precursors of blood leukocytes; controls how many and what kind of leukocyte is to be produced

67
Q

Chemokine

A

chemotactic cytokine used to direct the movement of leukocytes around the body

68
Q

Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNFs)

A

particularly important in mediating inflammation and cytotoxic reactions

69
Q

Transforming Growth Factors (TGFs)

A

important in regulating cell division and tissue repair

70
Q

PLC Pathway

A

TCR-> PLCgamma1-> calcineurin-> NFAT

71
Q

PKC activates transcription via

A

NF-kB (transcription is associated with pro-inflammatory and associated with pro-inflammatory and activation events rather than regulatory process)

72
Q

Pleiotropic

A

induces different biological effects depending on the nature of the target cell type

73
Q

Redundant

A

2 or more cytokines that mediate similar functions

74
Q

Synergy

A

combined effect of two cytokines on cellular activity is greater than the additive effects of the cytokines

75
Q

Antagonize

A

the effect of one cytokine cancels out the effect of another cytokine

76
Q

Cascade Induction

A

the effect of one cytokine on a target cell leads to the production of one or more additional cytokines from that target cell

77
Q

Cathlecidins

A

CATionic HELIcal bacteriCIDal proteIN alpha helical peptides (LL37 is highly expressed by PMNs and mucosal/epithelial cell types)

78
Q

Defensins

A

B strand peptides connected by disulfide bonds

79
Q

IL3

A

both adaptive and innate immunity

80
Q

IL3 and GM-CSF

A

only myeloid progenitor

81
Q

Signal Transduction Steps

A

(Reception) hormone/environmental stimulus->(Transduction) relay molecules-> (response) activation of cellular responses

82
Q

cytokines

A

cell:cell signalling; all are proteins or glycoproteins; soluble messenger molecules secreted by cells of the immune system (can be nonimmune cells)

83
Q

Cyclosporine

A

Blocks t cell mediated autoimmune ds and organ transplant rejection via blocking calcineurin

84
Q

Genes activated by NFAT

A

IL2 (critical for controlling T cell proliferation)

85
Q

Types of Capsid Symmetry

A

Icosahedral, Spherical, Helical

86
Q

How to describe viruses?

A

genomic organization (RNAss or ds v DNA), capsid symmetry, presence of envelope, tropism

87
Q

Steps in viral replication

A

entry to host, replicating proteins, replicating nucleic acids, packaging proteins and nucleic acids into virions, exiting the cell

88
Q

CFU-E

A

differentiate into cells without a nucleus

89
Q

Antiviral therapy

A

inhibit viral genome replication; mimic the shape of a nucleotide (or nucleoside) and plug up the enzymes that replicate the viral genome (need to have higher affinity for viral enzyme than host enzyme)

90
Q

Viral Pathogenesis Acute

A

cell death, inflammation

91
Q

Viral Pathogenesis Long Term

A

Malignancies, Immune suppression to opportunistic infections

92
Q

Viruses Express Oncogenes

A

mimic and interact with host cell’s normal replication machinery and promote uncontrolled cellular proliferation

93
Q

Viral Oncogenes Act at

A

G1->S phase checkpoint, regulation of cell death by apoptosis or immunological synapse

94
Q

Central Lymphatic Tissues

A

bone marrow and thymus

95
Q

Peripheral (Secondary) Lymphatic Tissue

A

mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue or nodular non-encapsulated lymphatic tissue, lymph nodes, spleen

96
Q

Functions of Lymphatic Tissue

A

lymphocyte production, immune responses: small lymphocytes-recirculate between blood and lymph, immunocompetent cells (capable of responding to antigen) b cells and t cells

97
Q

Lymphoid Tissues-Stroma

A

reticular cells (fibroblasts that secrete collagen), macrophages (apc), dendritic cells, follicular dendritic cells and reticular fibers (type 3 collagen)

98
Q

Lymphoid Cells

A

small, medium, large lymphocytes, plasma cells

99
Q

Non encapsulated lymphatic tissues

A

diffuse lymphatic tissue or nodular lymphatic tissue

100
Q

Diffuse lymphatic tissue

A

GI, respiratory, urinary tract (loose or dense)

101
Q

Nodular Lymphatic Tissue

A

GI, respiratory, urinary tract, represent local immune responses to antigens, characterized by solitary lymphatic nodules dense col

102
Q

Lymphatic Nodules

A

localized production of lymphocytes, smaller/no capsule and not a filter /c no associated with the lymphatic vessel when compared with lymph node

103
Q

Primary Lymphatic Nodules

A

dark staining spherical balls of lymphocytes

104
Q

Secondary Lymphatic Nodules

A

contain a reaction-germinal center; appear after birth, antigen dependent, thymus required, decline after childhood

105
Q

Large and Medium Lymphocytes

A

lymphoblasts, mitotic (mostly b cells)

106
Q

Small Lymphocytes

A

more numerous, mitosis not common, enlarge and divide when stimulated (B and T lymphocytes)

107
Q

Cells of Germinal Center

A

large/medium and small lymphocytes, macrophages, follicular dendritic cells, plasma cells

108
Q

follicular dendritic cells

A

determines if memory cells are created **look up info on them

109
Q

Lymphatic Nodules

A

NOT in the THYMUS; solitary, lymph nodes, spleen

110
Q

Non-encapsulated nodular lymphatic tissue

A

tonsils, peyer’s patches, appendix

111
Q

Functions of Non-encapsulated lymphatic tissues

A

trapping of antigen, lymphocyte production (b cell proliferation), destruction of antigen, selection of memory lymphocytes

112
Q

Encapsulated Lymphatic Tissue

A

lymph nodes, spleen and thymus

113
Q

Lymph Node-what makes it unique

A

-only lymphatic organ in course of lymphatic vessels and has lymphatic sinus and filters lymph (filtration done by macrophages)

114
Q

Morphological Features of Lymph Node

A

Capsule, Trabeculae, Stroma (cells of reticular, dendritic,, macrophages, and FDCs), endothelial cels

115
Q

Cortex of the Lymph Node

A

reticular fibers and stromal cells, lymphocytes, lymphatic nodules (germinal centers, transient, tails that ectend into medulla as medullary cords), stromal cells

116
Q

Medulla of lymph node

A

lymphoid tissue suppported by reticular fibers and stromal cells, consists of medullary cords and medullary sinuses, cells of small lymphocytes; differentiating and mature plasma cells and macrophages

117
Q

Sinuses of Lymph Nodes

A

lined by endothelial cells with larger intercellular gaps (important for filtration); lymphocytes enter lymphatic sinues and leave lymph node via efferent lymphatics at hilus

118
Q

Path of Lymph Flow

A

afferent lymph vessel, subcapsular sinus, trabecular sinus, paracortical sinus, medullary sinus to efferent lymphatic vessel

119
Q

Function of Lymph Node

A

lymph filter (macrophages), lymphictye production, antibody production (plasma cells)

120
Q

Thymus-afferent vessels y/n

A

no afferent lymphatic vessels

121
Q

Thymus efferent lymphatic vessels location

A

in capsule and connective tissue

122
Q

Thymus Reticular Stroma made of

A

epithelial reticular cells (no reticular fibers)

123
Q

Tcells enter circulation at

A

corticomedullary junction (inner region of thymus with smallest, most mature lymphocytes)

124
Q

Unique Structure to Thymus

A

Hassal’s (thymic) corpuscles

125
Q

Spleen

A

largest lymphatic organ, no afferent lymphatic vessels, efferent lymphatic vessels present, no lymph sinus

126
Q

Spleen White Pulp: Periaterial Lymphatic Sheaths (PAL)

A

surround white pulp artery (central artery), contain primarily T cells

127
Q

Spleen White Pulp: Splenic Nodules

A

scattered throughout the splenic pulp, contain primarily B cells

128
Q

Spleen Red Pulp: Splenic Sinuses

A

vascular passageways, lined by specialized endothelial cells

129
Q

Spleen Red Pulp: Splenic Cords (billroth cords)

A

located b/w sinuses, contain RBC, ranulocytes, lymphocytes, macrophages, platelets; plasma cells, reticular cells and fibers

130
Q

Spleen Red Pulp: Marginal Zone

A

transitional b/w red and white pulp, small blood vessels dump here, recirculating lymphocytes return to enter wither the periarterial lymphoid sheaths or the splenic nodules

131
Q

Components of Penicilli

A

red pulp artery, sheathed artery, terminal artery

132
Q

Spleen Open Circulation

A

terminal capillaries into red pulp

133
Q

Spleen Closed Circulation

A

terminal capillaries open into sinusoids

134
Q

Spleen Sinusoids

A

elongated and narrow endothelial cells that are supported by an anastomosing ring of basement membrane and reticular fibers that encircle the sinusoid like hoops of a barrel (leaky b/c of gaps)

135
Q

Functions of the Spleen

A

antibody presentation by APCs to activation of T and B cells to produce antibodies and ultimate removal of macromolecular antigens from the blood

136
Q

Splenic Hemopoietic Functions

A

removal of damaged erythrocytes, platelets and recycles iron; forms fetal erythrocytes and granulocytes and stores RBCs and platelets

137
Q

Severe Congenital Neutropenias

A

many causes that lead to lack of ability to produce or maintain a normal level of neutrophils; frequent bacterial infx

138
Q

Chronic Granulomatous Ds

A

unable to produceH2)2 and hypochlorous acid, can’t phagocytize bacteria

139
Q

Chediak-Higashi Syndrome

A

defect in gene LYST (CHS1) a lysosomal trafficking gene that affects lysosomes and melanosomes, increased bacterial infx

140
Q

Leukocyte AdhesionDeficiency

A

lack of integrin subunit, the common B chain, unable to recruit innate immune cells to site of inflammation, increase susceptibility to bacterial/fungal/viral infx

141
Q

Neutrophil Granules Azurophilic Granules

A

Reddish-purple, lysosomal myeloperoxidase, appear early in development and then diminish in number (20%)

142
Q

Neutrophil Granules Specific Granules

A

lavender or lilac, akaline phosphatase, hydrolases active at neutral or alkaline pH, bactericidal substances (lysozyme and lactoferrin)

143
Q

Neutrophil Granules-Tertiary Granules

A

gelatinase, glycoproteins destined for cell membrane, contents aid cell in the phagocytic process and may facilitate movement throughout the connective tissue

IHO Week 1 (16 decks)

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