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1
Q

what pharmacological class is a medication ending in “lol” belong to?

A

beta blockers

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2
Q

what are the generic beta blockers you must know?

A

metoprolol propranolol carvedilol

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3
Q

what pharmacoloigical class is a medication ending in “pril” belong to?

A

ACE inhibitors

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4
Q

what are the generic ACE inhibitors that you must know?

A

lisnopril and enalapril

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5
Q

what pharmacological class do medications endingin “cet” belong?

A

containing acetaminophen

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6
Q

what are the two generic acetaminophen containing meds you must know

A

Lorcete and percocet

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7
Q

what pharmacological class do medications ending in “pam” belong to?

A

benzodiazepines

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8
Q

what are the two benzos that you must know?

A

lorazepam and diazepam

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9
Q

what pharmacological class do meds ending with “zole” belong to?

A

Proton pump inhibitors

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10
Q

what are the two proton pump inhibitor that you must know?

A

pantoprazole and lansoprazole

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11
Q

what pharmacological class do medications ending in “cillin” belong to?

A

penicillins

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12
Q

what are the two penicillins that you must know?

A

amoxicillin and amplicillin/subactam

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13
Q

what are forms of meds that can be given orally?

A

capsule, powder, elixir, solution, tablet, syrup, pill, suspension, lozenges,

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14
Q

what are forms of meds that can be given parenteral?

A

intravenoue, intramuscular, and subcutaneous

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15
Q

what are forms of meds that can be given topically?

A

lotion, ointment, transdermal patch

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16
Q

what are the four parts of pharmacokinetics?

A

absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion

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17
Q

what is absorption?

A

from site of entry to blood stream

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18
Q

what is distribution?

A

drug molecules move from blood stream throughout the body

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19
Q

what is metabolism?

A

breaking down the drug into metabolites either inactive or active

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20
Q

what is excretion?

A

removal of the drug and or metabolites from the body

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21
Q

what organ is responsible for excretion of drugs?

A

Kidneys

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22
Q

what is the order of slowest to quickest absorption?

A

oral, vaginal/rectal, subcutaneous, intramuscular, buccal/sublingual, endotracheal/inhaled, and intravenous

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23
Q

what are side effects?

A

things that could happen to someone when taking a medication that are tolerable and predictable

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24
Q

what are adverse effects?

A

things that could happen to a patient that are life threatening

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25
Q

what are iatogenic effects?

A

development of a disorder from the use of drug therapy?

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26
Q

what is an example of iatrogenic effect?

A

neutropenia due to the use of chemotherapy

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27
Q

what is considered a mild to moderate allergic reaction?

A

rash, fever, diarrhea, vomiting, urticaria

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28
Q

what is the treatment for mild to moderate allergic reactions?

A

antihistamines and corticosteroids

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29
Q

what is considered anaphylactic allergic reaction?

A

bronchospasms, CV collapse, and angioedema

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30
Q

what are the treatments for anaphylactic allergic reaction?

A

iv fluids, epi, bronchodialators, O2, corticosteroids, and antihistamines

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31
Q

what is a histamine?

A

a chemical released by mast cells involved in allergic reactions.

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32
Q

what is a idiosyncratic effect?

A

unusual or peculiar response to a drug that may show as overresponse, underresponse, or opposite of expected response

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33
Q

when thinking about drug interactions what is an additive effect?

A

drugs with similar mechanisms of action produce a greater effect

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34
Q

when thinking about drug interactions what is a synergistic displacement?

A

drugs with different mechanisms of action potentiate each other????

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35
Q

when thinking about drug interactions what is antagonistic?

A

combined drugs negate each other taking away effectiveness

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36
Q

when thinking about drug interactions what is inteference?

A

one drug interferes with the metabolism of another drug which leads to toxicity

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37
Q

when thinking about drug interactions what is displacement?

A

one drug binds to the site of another drug, displacing it and potentially raising concentration to toxic levels

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38
Q

what developmental considerations should you take into account when giving a pregnant women medication?

A

it can harm the fetus or it can be passed on through breast milk

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39
Q

what developmental considerations should you take into account when giving a child medications?

A
  • Reduce size and
    weight
  • Reduce body water
  • Decreased cardiac
    output
  • Decreased organ
    perfusion
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40
Q

what developmental considerations should you take into account when giving older adults medications?

A

Delayed gastric
motility
* Decrease muscle
mass
* Decreased acid
production and
blood flow
* Impacts drug`

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41
Q

what is the expected age and weight of a healthy individual?

A

18-65 and 150lbs

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42
Q

what therapeutic class are beta blockers?

A

antihypertensives

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43
Q

what pharma class are beta blockers?

A

beta-adrenergic blockers

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44
Q

what are the therapeutic uses for beta blockers?

A

primarily hypertension
angina/chest pain
tachydysrhytmias
myocardial infaction
heart failure

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45
Q

what medication is used for tacyhdyrhytmias?

A

the beta blocker metoprolol

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46
Q

what medication is used for heart failure?

A

the beta blocker carvedilol

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47
Q

what is the pharmacological action of beta blockers

A

decrease cardiac output
decrease periphreal resistance
decrease cardiac oxygen consumption
will slow AV conduction

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48
Q

how do beta blockers decrease cardiac output?

A

they block the hormone epinephrine from binding to the receptor which slows heart rate and decreases the force of contraction

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49
Q

what is propanolol used for?

A

Lowers anxiety and prevents migranes

50
Q

how do beta blockers decrease cardiac consumption of oxygen?

A

the heart does not beat as many times or as hard as it did so that decreased the amount of contractions which requires less oxygen

51
Q

what are some side effects of beta blockers?

A

CNS: fatigue, dizziness, depression
* CV: bradycardia, HF, stroke.
* EENT: blurred vision, tinnitus, rhinitis
* GI: heartburn, dry mouth
* GU: decreased libido, erectile dysfunction
* Musculoskeletal: pain
* Respiratory: dyspnea, wheezing, bronchospa
sm
* Skin: rash, pruritus

52
Q

what are the adverse side effects of beta blockers?

A

Bradycardia, heart failure, and stroke

53
Q

when should you with hold beta blockers?

A

if blood pressure is below a certain order or if heart rate is below 60 bpm

54
Q

what betablocker should diabetics not take?

A

propanolol

55
Q

when should you cautiously use beta blockers?

A

hypotension…periphreal vascular disease…diabetes mellitus

56
Q

what is the range of dosage for beta blockers?

A

25-100mg

57
Q

what are the routes for taking beta blockers?

A

orally or IV

58
Q

what glycemic issue do beta blockers mimmic?

A

hypoglycemia

59
Q

when should beta blockers be given?

A

at night with or shortly after medications

60
Q

what are signs that the beta blockers are working?

A

Absence of chest pain… absence of dysrhymias….normal BP…control of HF

61
Q

what should you monitor when giving beta blockers?

A

vitals and glucose

62
Q

what dfoes ACE stand for?

A

Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitor

63
Q

what are the generic ACE inhibitors that you must know?

A

lisinopril…catopril….enalapril

64
Q

what therapuetic class are ACE inhibitors?

A

antihypertensives

65
Q

what pharma class ace inhibitors?

A

ACE inhibitors

66
Q

what is the pharma action of ACE inhibitors

A

interrupts rennin Angiotensin aldosterone RAAS

leads to vasodilation

Reduce pathological changes

67
Q

what are the therapeutic uses of ACE inhibitors

A

hypertension

heart failure

Myocardial infarction

68
Q

what are the side effects of ace inhibitors?

A

CNS: dizziness, headache, fatigue
* CV: orthostatic hypotension, hypotension, chest
pain.
* EENT: nasal congestion
* GI: diarrhea, nausea, dyspepsia.
* GU: impaired renal function
* Metabolic: hyperkalemia.
* Respiratory: dyspnea; dry, persistent, tickling,
nonproductive cough.
* Skin: rash.
* Other: angioedema.

69
Q

what are the adverse effects of ace inhibitors?

A

hyperkalemia and angiodedema

70
Q

what are the contraindications for ace inhibitors?

A

allergies and renal insufficiency/failure

71
Q

what are the routes of taking ace inhibitors?

A

orally and occasionally iv

72
Q

what therapeutic class are calcium channel blockers?

A

antihypertensives

73
Q

what is the pharmacological class for calcium channel blockers?

A

calcium channel blockers

74
Q

what do you need to look out for when giving ace inhibitors?

A

hyperkalemia

75
Q

what med should you avoid when taking ace inhibitors?

A

NSAIDS

76
Q

what food substance should you avoid when taking ACE

A

salt subs because they have potassium

77
Q

what skin symptom should be reported to provider when taking ACE?

A

rash

78
Q

what respiratory symptom should be reported to provider?

A

cough

79
Q

what are the calcium channel blockers you have to know?

A

amlodipine….nifedipine….verapamil

80
Q

what does ACE do to the body?

A

inhibit calcium ion influx on smooth muscle

dilate coronary artery and arterioles

decrease BP

decrease myocardial oxygen demand

81
Q

what are the therpeutic uses for ACE?

A

decrease blood pressue

reduce chest pain

reduce heart rate

fix cardiac dysrhythmias

82
Q

what med can a patient not drink grapefruit juice?

A

ACE

83
Q

what should be given when angioedema is present?

A

losartin

84
Q

why are ACE inhibitors given when a MI is present ?

A

to prevent scar tissue from occuring on heart

85
Q

what are the contraindications for CCB?

A

cardiogenic shock
certain dysrhytmias
hypotension

86
Q

what is the route for CCB?

A

oral, iv, or infusion

87
Q

what should you teach patients on CCB?

A

do no crush or chew tablets, dont give grapefruit, change positions slowly

88
Q

what are the diuretics you must know?

A

furosemide and hydrochlorothiazide

89
Q

what is the therapeutic class of furosemide?

A

antihypertensives

90
Q

what the pharma class of furosemide?

A

loop diueretics

91
Q

what is the pharm action of diuretics?

A

blocks reabsorption of sodiums and water

92
Q

what do diuretics cause patients to do frequently?

A

pee

93
Q

when are diuretics used?

A

edema and hypertension

94
Q

what are the contraindications of furosemide?

A

client with no urine output
dehydration
elevated bun
people who are hypokalmic
patients taking digoxin

95
Q

what are the routes of absorption for furosemid?

A

oral, iv, im

96
Q

what are the dosage ranges for furosemide?

A

20 to 100mg once or twice a day

97
Q

what labs should you monitor when thinking about diuretics?

A

BUN, creatinine, potassium

98
Q

can diuretics be potentially toxic to the kidney?

A

yes

99
Q

what should you monitor when giving diuretics?

A

dysrhythmias and electrolytes

100
Q

what should be limited for all diuretic patients/

A

alcohol

101
Q

what time of the day should diuretics be taken?

A

early in the morning

102
Q

what patient teaching should be given to those taking furosemide?

A

high potassium diet
limit alcohol
avoid exercise in the heat
slowly change positions
increased photosensitivity
additive effect with ace inhibitors`

103
Q

what therapeutic class is hydrochlorothiazide?

A

diuretics

104
Q

what pharma class is hydrochlorothiazide?

A

thiazide diuretics

105
Q

how does hydrochlorothiazide work?

A

increased sodium and water excretion by inhibiting sodium and chloride reabsorbtion in distal part of the nephron

106
Q

will hydrochlorothiazide work on those with renal impairment?

A

no

107
Q

what are the uses for hydrochlorothiazide?

A

hypertension

edema from HF

diabetes insipidus

108
Q

what are the side effects of hydrochlorothiazide?

A

dehydration and hypotension

109
Q

what are the contraindications for hydrochlorothiazide

A

breast-feeding, renal failure, diabetes mellitus

110
Q

why is hydrochlorothiazide a contraindication for diabetes mellitus?

A

it can cause hyperglycemia

111
Q

what is the diabetes mellitus?

A

body does not produce enough insulin

112
Q

what is diabetes insipidus?

A

body does not produce enough antidiuretic hormone…..

113
Q

what are the routes of taking hydrochlorothiazide?

A

orally

114
Q

what should be evaluated when taking hydrochlorothiazide?

A

electrolytes
BUN, creatinine, K,
Weight
BP, HR

115
Q

what patient teaching should be talked about when giving hydrochlorothiazide?

A

take in the AM
limit alcohol
chang positions slowyl
take with meals
monitor glucose if diabetic

116
Q

what is the non opiod analgesic?

A

acetaminophen

117
Q

what is the pharma action for acetaminophen?

A

helps with pain and fever

118
Q

what are the side effects of acetaminophen

A

acute toxicity

119
Q

what are contraindications for acetaminophen

A

liver disease and allergies

120
Q

what are the routes for taking acetaminophen

A

oral, iv, and rectal

121
Q

what is the max dosage for adults when taking acetaminophen

A

4 grams every 24 hours

122
Q

what should be avoided when taking acetaminophen?

A

alcohol

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