Identity throught adolescence and young adulthood 2

Question 1

Identity: Process-oriented model commitment

Answer 1

Unidimensional
view on commitment
Commitement
Lack of commitment

Multidimensional
view on commitment

Commitment making
↓
Making of identity choice

identification with commitment
↓
Certainty concering identity choice

Question 2

Identity: Process-oriented model Exploration

Answer 2

Unidimensional
view on Exploration
Exploration
No exploration

Multidimensional
view on Exploration

Exploration in breadth
↓
Gathering information about alternatives

Exploration in depth
↓
Gathering information about choices made

Question 3

Marcias model concers which parts of the identity oriented model

Answer 3

Comitment making
Exploration in breadth

Question 4

Identity: Process-oriented model Simlar to Luyckx and colleagues 2006

Answer 4

Tradition 1: Formation of commitments
Dimensions: Exploration in breadth and commitment making
Tradition 2: Evaluation of commitments

Dimensions: Exploration in depth and identification with commitment

Question 5

Model Grotevant (1987)

Answer 5

Pesonality → exploration → Affective outcome/Cognitive outcomes → identity consolidation → identity Evaluation → repeat

Question 6

Identity: Process-oriented model

Answer 6

Exploration in Breadth

Commitment making

Exploration in depth

Identification with commtment

Question 7

Emerging adulthood

Answer 7

Focus on identity formation, exploration, and re-evaluations

Indicators of adulthood
move up to later age

New developmental period between adolescence and (young) adulthood

College context prime example

Question 8

Summary Erkison:

Answer 8

lifespan stage-theory

development in context

identity synthesis versus confusion

Question 9

Summary Marcia

Answer 9

commitment and exploration

4 identity statuses

Measurement of statuses

Developmental ordering of statuses

Question 10

Summary Luyckx

Answer 10

unpacking of commitment and exploration

Process-oriented model

ideally suited to study identity in emerging adulthood

Question 11

Longitudal research Ku leuven

Answer 11

7 wave longitudinal study
follow 4 years
assesed each semester

Question 12

Longitudal research Ku leuven Question 1: Mean level stability/changes

Answer 12

Gradual changes

Initial levels quite high already

Commitment evaluation processes highest

Slight increases but fluctuations mainly in identification with commitment → sign of continuous re-evaluations?!

Question 13

Parenting- indentity; Logitudinal associations

Answer 13

Reciprocal influences psychological control → - commitment dimensions

exploration in breadth → + psychological control

Correlated change
Changes in psychological control ↔ changes in commitment dimensions

Question 14

Link identity – parenting

Answer 14

Empathic and supportive parenting facilitates identity formation

Intrusive and inconsistent parenting hinders identity formation

Mainly cross-sectional research: no directionality of effect!

Question 15

personality- identity ; Logitudinal associations

Answer 15

Reciprocal influences
Conscientiousness ↔ + Commitment making

Openness ↔ + exploration in breathd

Correlated change
Change in neuroticism → - changes in commitment making

Question 15

Identity - adjustment: Longitudinal associations

Answer 15

Reciprocal influences
Identification with commitment↔ + self-esteem

Exploration in breadth→+ Depressive symptoms

Correlated change
Change in self esteem → - changes in commitment dimension

Question 16

Longitudal research Ku leuven Question 3: Trajectory classes of identity

Answer 16

Four trajectory classes
Searchers (logntidutinal variant of moratorium)
Guardians (longtidudinal variant of foreclosure)
Pathmakers (longtidudinal variant of achievement)
Consolidators ( new group)

No logitudinal diffusion class

Question 17

Logitudinal study Adjustment

Answer 17

Moderate Adjustment (N = 196 or 46%)
Optimal Adjustment (N = 177 or 41%)
Stable Maladjustment (N = 55 or 13%)

overlapp between new logtitudinal categories

Searchers: most maljusted percentage 33%

Consoidators and pathmakers alot of optimal adjustment: 62.4% and 54.1%

Question 18

Adding an neuw term ruminative exploration

Answer 18

Rumitative exploration as a meditor of commitment making

Question 19

New dimensions

Answer 19

Commitment making:
I know what I want to do with my future.

Identification commitment:
My plans for the future match with my
true interests and values.

Exploration in breadth:
I think actively about different directions
I can take in my life.

Exploration in depth:
I talk with other people about the plans for the
future I have made for myself.

Ruminative exploration:
I keep wondering which direction my life has
to take.

Question 20

Ruminative exploration

Answer 20

Maladaptive perfectionism (excessively high and rigid standards, doubts about actions, concern over mistakes): positive associations with ruminative exploration (and negative with commitment dimensions)

Question 21

Age trends in identity processes

Answer 21

Commitment processes increase linearly with increasing age

Pro-active exploration peaks in late teens and early twenties → link to emerging adulthood

Ruminative exploration at lower levels but more stable

Question 22

Cluster analysis use

Answer 22

identify groups of individuals in such a way that individuals within a group resemble one another and differ from individuals of other groups

Question 23

New statuses

Answer 23

Achievement
Foreclosure
moratoriun
Troubled diffusion
carefree diffusion

Question 24

Achievment: based on Five dimensions

Answer 24

Commitment making: +

Exploration in Breadth: +

Identification with commitment: +

Exploration in depth: +

Rumminative exploration: -

Question 25

Foreclosure : based on Five dimensions

Answer 25

Commitment making: +

Exploration in Breadth: -

Identification with commitment: +

Exploration in depth: -

Rumminative exploration: -

Question 26

Moratorium: based on Five dimensions

Answer 26

Commitment making: -/M

Exploration in Breadth: +

Identification with commitment: -/M

Exploration in depth: +

Rumminative exploration: +

Question 27

Troubled diffusion: based on Five dimensions

Answer 27

Commitment making: -

Exploration in Breadth: M

Identification with commitment: -

Exploration in depth: M

Rumminative exploration: +

Question 28

Care free diffusion: based on Five dimensions

Answer 28

Commitment making: -

Exploration in Breadth: -

Identification with commitment: -

Exploration in depth: -

Rumminative exploration: -/M

Question 29

Adjustment and fuctioning: Identity achievement:

Answer 29

self-esteem
academic functioning
study and work engagement
self-actualisation

Question 30

Adjustment and fuctioning: Moratorium:

Answer 30

depressive symptoms
anxiety
alcohol- and drug use
→in-crisis nature!

Question 31

Distinction between two forms of identity diffusion

Answer 31

Troubled diffusion:
Try but dont succeed

Carefree diffusion:
Hedonistic day to day

Question 32

Summary

Answer 32

Dynamic perspective on identity by including 4 (5) dimensions in process-oriented model

Pro-active and maladaptive exploration dimensions

Extending and refining Marcia’s statuses

Importance of longitudinal research (both at the level of the total group as from a person-centered perspective): identifying key developmental and reciprocal processes