Identity throught adolescence and young adulthood 2 Flashcards
Identity: Process-oriented model commitment
Unidimensional
view on commitment
Commitement
Lack of commitment
Multidimensional
view on commitment
Commitment making
↓
Making of identity choice
identification with commitment
↓
Certainty concering identity choice
Identity: Process-oriented model Exploration
Unidimensional
view on Exploration
Exploration
No exploration
Multidimensional
view on Exploration
Exploration in breadth
↓
Gathering information about alternatives
Exploration in depth
↓
Gathering information about choices made
Marcias model concers which parts of the identity oriented model
Comitment making
Exploration in breadth
Identity: Process-oriented model Simlar to Luyckx and colleagues 2006
Tradition 1: Formation of commitments
Dimensions: Exploration in breadth and commitment making
Tradition 2: Evaluation of commitments
Dimensions: Exploration in depth and identification with commitment
Model Grotevant (1987)
Pesonality → exploration → Affective outcome/Cognitive outcomes → identity consolidation → identity Evaluation → repeat
Identity: Process-oriented model
Exploration in Breadth
Commitment making
Exploration in depth
Identification with commtment
Emerging adulthood
Focus on identity formation, exploration, and re-evaluations
Indicators of adulthood
move up to later age
New developmental period between adolescence and (young) adulthood
College context prime example
Summary Erkison:
lifespan stage-theory
development in context
identity synthesis versus confusion
Summary Marcia
commitment and exploration
4 identity statuses
Measurement of statuses
Developmental ordering of statuses
Summary Luyckx
unpacking of commitment and exploration
Process-oriented model
ideally suited to study identity in emerging adulthood
Longitudal research Ku leuven
7 wave longitudinal study
follow 4 years
assesed each semester
Longitudal research Ku leuven Question 1: Mean level stability/changes
Gradual changes
Initial levels quite high already
Commitment evaluation processes highest
Slight increases but fluctuations mainly in identification with commitment → sign of continuous re-evaluations?!
Parenting- indentity; Logitudinal associations
Reciprocal influences psychological control → - commitment dimensions
exploration in breadth → + psychological control
Correlated change
Changes in psychological control ↔ changes in commitment dimensions
Link identity – parenting
Empathic and supportive parenting facilitates identity formation
Intrusive and inconsistent parenting hinders identity formation
Mainly cross-sectional research: no directionality of effect!
personality- identity ; Logitudinal associations
Reciprocal influences
Conscientiousness ↔ + Commitment making
Openness ↔ + exploration in breathd
Correlated change
Change in neuroticism → - changes in commitment making
Identity - adjustment: Longitudinal associations
Reciprocal influences
Identification with commitment↔ + self-esteem
Exploration in breadth→+ Depressive symptoms
Correlated change
Change in self esteem → - changes in commitment dimension
Longitudal research Ku leuven Question 3: Trajectory classes of identity
Four trajectory classes
Searchers (logntidutinal variant of moratorium)
Guardians (longtidudinal variant of foreclosure)
Pathmakers (longtidudinal variant of achievement)
Consolidators ( new group)
No logitudinal diffusion class
Logitudinal study Adjustment
Moderate Adjustment (N = 196 or 46%)
Optimal Adjustment (N = 177 or 41%)
Stable Maladjustment (N = 55 or 13%)
overlapp between new logtitudinal categories
Searchers: most maljusted percentage 33%
Consoidators and pathmakers alot of optimal adjustment: 62.4% and 54.1%
Adding an neuw term ruminative exploration
Rumitative exploration as a meditor of commitment making
New dimensions
Commitment making:
I know what I want to do with my future.
Identification commitment:
My plans for the future match with my
true interests and values.
Exploration in breadth:
I think actively about different directions
I can take in my life.
Exploration in depth:
I talk with other people about the plans for the
future I have made for myself.
Ruminative exploration:
I keep wondering which direction my life has
to take.
Ruminative exploration
Maladaptive perfectionism (excessively high and rigid standards, doubts about actions, concern over mistakes): positive associations with ruminative exploration (and negative with commitment dimensions)
Age trends in identity processes
Commitment processes increase linearly with increasing age
Pro-active exploration peaks in late teens and early twenties → link to emerging adulthood
Ruminative exploration at lower levels but more stable
Cluster analysis use
identify groups of individuals in such a way that individuals within a group resemble one another and differ from individuals of other groups
New statuses
Achievement
Foreclosure
moratoriun
Troubled diffusion
carefree diffusion
Achievment: based on Five dimensions
Commitment making: +
Exploration in Breadth: +
Identification with commitment: +
Exploration in depth: +
Rumminative exploration: -
Foreclosure : based on Five dimensions
Commitment making: +
Exploration in Breadth: -
Identification with commitment: +
Exploration in depth: -
Rumminative exploration: -
Moratorium: based on Five dimensions
Commitment making: -/M
Exploration in Breadth: +
Identification with commitment: -/M
Exploration in depth: +
Rumminative exploration: +
Troubled diffusion: based on Five dimensions
Commitment making: -
Exploration in Breadth: M
Identification with commitment: -
Exploration in depth: M
Rumminative exploration: +
Care free diffusion: based on Five dimensions
Commitment making: -
Exploration in Breadth: -
Identification with commitment: -
Exploration in depth: -
Rumminative exploration: -/M
Adjustment and fuctioning: Identity achievement:
self-esteem
academic functioning
study and work engagement
self-actualisation
Adjustment and fuctioning: Moratorium:
depressive symptoms
anxiety
alcohol- and drug use
→in-crisis nature!
Distinction between two forms of identity diffusion
Troubled diffusion:
Try but dont succeed
Carefree diffusion:
Hedonistic day to day
Summary
Dynamic perspective on identity by including 4 (5) dimensions in process-oriented model
Pro-active and maladaptive exploration dimensions
Extending and refining Marcia’s statuses
Importance of longitudinal research (both at the level of the total group as from a person-centered perspective): identifying key developmental and reciprocal processes
