Deliberate Practice model

Question 1

The Deliberate Practice Approach: Goals and central claims

Answer 1

Identify motivational and external constraints, which must
be negotiated by individuals during prolonged efforts to
improve

Describe activities designed to optimize improvement

Individual differences are closely related to accumulated
amounts of deliberate practice

Stable characteristics do not reflect talent, but result from 10
or more years of intense efforts to push the limits of
adaptation and learning

Question 2

Practicing memorizing sentences

Answer 2

25 days, 2-hr sessions
* Memorize sentences like
… the doctor hated the lawyer
… the sailor shot the hairdresser
* Recognize sentences in the context
of distractors

→Power law of learning

Question 3

Power law of learning

Answer 3

T = 1.40 P–.24

Question 4

Constraints on expertise development

Answer 4

Motivation
* Activities guided by the goal to improve or maintain
abilities

Effort
* Intensity, limited duration, optimal time of day, search
for new approaches to overcome weaknesses

Resources
* Mental and physical energy, health, time, teachers,
grants

Question 5

Music and everyday activities

Answer 5

Diaries
* Estimates Typical Week
* Ratings
* Relevance
* Effort
* Pleasure

Motivation, effort and
resource constraints
* Effort vs. pleasure
* Limited in time
* Recuperation

Question 6

Leisure time: Facts and estimates

Answer 6

Best students better a gauging how much leisure time they actually have comapred to good students and teachers

Question 7

Study with amateur- and concert-pianists

Answer 7

Measure of deliberate practice
* Diaries
* Biographical practice estimates
Experimental tasks
* Performance IQ
* Expertise-related tasks

More weelky practice ammounts so signficiantyly more accumulated practice

Experts better at tapping left right and alternate

Loudness and tempo variation (expert): consistent tempo with expressive force

Loudness and tempo variation (amateur): Less consistent tempo with no expressive force

Question 8

Role of teachers

Answer 8

Eminent musicians have fewer teachers

Eminent musicians report to have found their most influential teachers earlier in life

instilling the idea of “talent” or “destiny” helps to develop individualized approaches to practice.

Question 9

Brith month and soccre players

Answer 9

end of the year almost none

Question 10

Criticism to deliberate practice model

Answer 10

Nature vs. nurture: heritability

Heritability completely dependent on the enviornment

Gene x Environment interactions
and individuals genes will correlate with theit eraly envoirnment

And individuals gene influence te way others respond to them

And indivudals giense inflience their selective attention to different aspects of enviornment

Genetic nurture: Non - transimitted alleles can only affect ofsspring throught the enviroment via gentically influence behavior in parents

Question 11

Evocative GE-Correlation

Answer 11

Individuals gene influence te way others respond to them

Question 12

Passive Ge correlation

Answer 12

individuals genes will correlate with theit early envoirnment

Question 13

Actve Ge correlation

Answer 13

indivudals genes influence their selective attention to different aspects of enviornment