Identity - Gender Flashcards
Negative politeness
-saying excuse me before asking for something
-being pessimistic
-being apologetic
-being indirect
-offering a choice
-be indirect
-question and hedge
Positive politeness
-paying them compliments
-taking interest in their wellbeing
-making it obvious you enjoy their company
-making gestures of friendship
-avoiding disagreement
-making jokes
-using friendly language
-using colloquial language
Giles accommodation theory
Suggests we change our language to ‘accommodate’ the person we are speaking to
Stenström (teenspeak)
Teens use:
-taboo words
-proper slang
-vogue words
-proxy words
-pragmatic markers
-hedges
-set markers
Trudgill and social class
Lower class are more likely to:
-use glottal stops
-drop final -s in third person verbs
-use -in instead of -ing
-drop ‘h’ sounds at start of words
Cheshire, kerswill and Williams
Focus on glottal stops in Reading/ Milton Keynes:
-non-standard use of was
-non-standard use of were
-non-standard use of pronouns
Cultural capital
-promotes social mobility within a stratified society.
-Bourdieu believed CC formed foundation of social life
-emphasised CC linked to economic and social capital
Overt prestige
-related to standard and “formal” language features and expresses power and status
-put on an accent that is generally widely recognised and considered “correct” (RP)
Covert prestige
The relatively high value placed towards a non-standard form of a variety in a speech community
Deborah Cameron
Gender is social construct - depends on who you are with and what you are doing in the context (context dependent)
Otto Jesperson (deficit)
Women use half finished sentences. They have smaller vocabulary than men
Deborah Jones (Difference)
-house talk
-scandal
-bitching
-chatting
Tannen (difference)
-status vs support
-independence vs intimacy
-advice vs understanding
-information vs feelings
-orders vs proposals
-conflict vs compromise
Rapport+Report talk
Judith Butler
Perform gender and certain actions dependent on context and individual feelings
Lakoff (deficit)
-hedging
-polite forms
-apologise more
-modal constructions
-use tag questions
-apologise more
Zimmerman and West (dominance)
Men interrupted women
-tiny sample
-other factors
