CLA - Spoken - The Various Stages Of Lexical Development Flashcards
What are the features of Child directed speech (CDS)
-repetition and or repeated sentences
-a higher pitch= create engagement
-the child’s name rather than pronoun= create engagement
-the present tense= child doesn’t understand time (Piaget)
-one word utterances and or short elliptical sentences =makes more meaningful utterance
-fewer verbs/modifiers
-concrete nouns
-expansions (the development of a child’s utterance into a longer, more meaningful form)
-recasts (the commenting on, extending and rephrasing of a child’s utterance)= corrects mistakes
-yes/no questioning= closed questions = help them to be decisive
-exaggerated pauses giving turn taking cues
What types of language do fathers tend to use
-use a wider range of vocab
-ask more direct questions
What is the average lexical development like… 12mo,24mo,36mo
-12mo - 50 words acquired
-24mo - 200 words acquired
-36mo - 2,000 words acquired
What was Katherine Nelson’s theory (first words)
-naming (things or people)
-actions/events
-personal/social words
-describing/modifying things
What were Nelson’s findings about which groups of words are acquired first
-60% of first words were nouns
-verbs formed the second largest group, and were used with actions or location words like “up” and “down”
-modifiers came third
-personal/social words made up about 8% of the sample
Holphrase definition
And one word utterances are likely to develop either alongside or after proto-words. The difference between one-word utterances is that one word utterance is usually a label for objects, whereas holophrase is where a word contains an entire sentence meaning. E.g. “juice” could be “I want some juice” or “get me some juice”.
Overextension definition
A feature of a child’s language where the word used to label something is “stretched” to include things that aren’t normally part of that words meaning
Underextension definition
A feature of a child’s language where three word used to label is “reduced” to include only part of its normal meaning
What did Eve Clark’s study of first words found that children base overextensions on?
-the physical qualities of objects
-features such as taste, sound, movement, shape, size and texture.
What 3 different categories did Leslie rescorla divide overextension into?
-catergorical overextension
-analogical overextension
-mismatch statements
Categorical overextension definition? Example? % of overextension? (Clark)
The name of one member of a category is extended to all members of the category. E.g. apple used for all round fruits. 60% of overextension
Analogical overextension definition? Example? % of overextension? (Clark)
A word for one object is extended to one in a different category; usually on the basis that it has some physical or functional connection. E.g. ball used for a round fruit. 15% overextension.
Mismatch statements definition? Example? % of overextension? (Clark)
One-word sentences that appear quite abstract; child makes a statement about one object in relation to another. E.g. saying “duck” when looking at an empty pond. 25% overextension.
Which linguist connects lexical and semantic development
Jean Aitchinson
What is Jean Aitchinsons 3 development stages?
-labelling
-packaging
-network building
Labelling (JA) definition
Linking words to the objects to which they refer, understanding that things can be labelled
Packaging (JA) definition
Exploring the labels and to what they can apply. Over/underextension occurs in order to eventually understand a range of words meaning
Network building (JA) definition
Making connections between words, understanding similarities and opposites in meanings.
Virtuos errors definition
Logic based errors. Shows some understanding when using labels
Hyponymy definition
The hierarchical structure that exists between lexical items.
Hypernym definition
A superordinate i.e. a word that is more generic or general and can have more specific words under it
Hyponym definition
A more specific word within a category or under a hypernym
What is Jean Piagets theory
-Children are active learners who use their environment and social interactions to shape their language.
-linked linguistic development with an understanding of the concepts surrounding the words meanings suggesting that children cannot be taught before they are ready.
What are Jean Piagets four stages of development
-sensorimotor
-pre-operational
-concrete operational
-formal operational
Sensorimotor (Piaget) definition? Age?
The child experiences the physical world through the senses and begins classifying the things in it; lexical choices, when they appear, tend to be concrete rather than abstract. Object permanence develops- the concept that objects exist when out of sight. Up to 2
Pre-operational definition? Age?
Language and motor skills develop and become more competent. Language is egocentric - either focused on the child or used by the child when no one else is around. 2-7 years of age
Concrete operational definition? Age?
Children begin thinking logically about concrete events. 7-11 years old
Formal operational definition? Age?
Abstract reasoning.skills develop. 11+ years old.
What is Saxtons theory
Common patterns in children early words=
-food and drink (bread,cookie,drink)
-family (mama,dada,baby)
-animals (dog,kitty,duck)
-parts of body (nose,mouth,ear)
supports Katherine Nelson
What did the article say about how parents provide the clues to toddlers learning new words
-child is more likely to understand what things are if their parent uses non-verbal cues like “there goes a zebra”.
-using it in context will improve lexis and semantics understanding
What useful steps should you follow when analysing lexical and semantic development in a transcript
1) start by labelling any over/underextensions/ noticing any patterns of language use, e.g. word classes/ monosyllabic, etc.
2) explain why they might have these choices - consider context/ function etc.
3) apply theory if relevant, e.g. Nelson, Clark etc. You may go into precise type of overextensions here using Rescorlas terms or Clark’s reasons.
4) make a comparison to the other child if relevant
5) comment on the carers lexical support, if relevant
6) could add more theory here, e.g. CDS/ Bruner LASS etc.
