Identity Development Models Flashcards
What is the Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model by Atkinson, Morten,and Sue (1993)?
5 stages that people experience as they attempt to understand themselves in terms of their own culture, the dominant culture, and the oppressive relationship between the two cultures. Each stage reflects changes in how the person views the self, others of the same racial/cultural group, members of other racial/cultural groups, and members of the dominant group.
Stage1: Conformity. This stage is characterized by positive attitudes toward and a preference for dominant cultural values and depreciating attitudes toward one’s own culture. A client in this stage is likely to prefer a therapist from the majority group.
Stage 2: Dissonance. The dissonance stage is marked by confusion and conflict over the contradictory appreciaciating and depreciating attitudes that one has toward the self and toward others of the same and different groups. People in this stage are likely to prefer a therapist from a racial/cultural minority group usually perceive their personal problems as being related to racial/cultural identity issues.
Stage3: Resistance and Immersion. People in this stage actively reject the dominant society and exhibit appreciating attitudes toward the self and toward members of their own group. A person in this stage prefers a therapist from the same racial/cultural group and is likely to perceive personal problems as the result of oppression.
Stage 4. Introspection. This stage is characterized by uncertainty about the rigidity of beliefs held by Stage 3 and conflicts between loyalty and responsibility toward one’s group and feelings of personal autonomy. People in this stage continue to prefer therapists from their own group but are more open to therapists who share a similar worldview.
Stage 5.Integrative Awareness. At this stage, people experience a sense of self-fulfillment with regard to their cultural identity and have a strong desire to objectively examine the values, beliefs, of their own group and other groups before accepting or rejecting them. In terms of therapist preference,clients in this stage place greater emphasis on similarly in worlview, attitudes, and beliefs than on ethnic racial,or cultural similarity.
What is Black Racial (Nigrescence) Identity Development Model by Cross (1971,1991, 2001)?
The original version 1971) described identity development as involving a shift from Black self-hatred to Black self-acceptance and consisted of five stages..The revision 1991 and later Cross and Vandiver(2001) constructed the Cross Racial Identity Scale (CRIS) so it includes 4 stages butexpanded 2 stages into substages.
- Pre-encounter: Race and racial idenity have low salience during the pre-encounter stage. Individuals in the assimilation substage have adopted a mainstream identity, while those in the anti-Black substage have accepted negative beliefs about Blacks and as a result, are likely to have low self-esteem. Individuals in the pre-encounter stage usually prefer a White therapist.
- Encounter: Exposure to a single significant race-related event or series of events leads to greater racial/cultural awareness and an interest in developing a Black identity. In this stage, the individual is likely to prefer a therapist of the same race.
- Immersion-Emersion: Race and racial identity have high salience during this stage. A person in the immersion substage idealizes Blacks and Black culture and feels a great deal of rage toward Whites as well as guilt and anxiety about his/her own previous lack of awareness of race. During the emersion substage, intense emotions subside, but the individual rejects allaspects of the White culture and begins to internalize a Black identity. Cross refers to the attitudes associated with these two substages as intense Black involvement and anti-White, respectively.
- Internalization: Race continues to have high salience, and individuals in this stage have adopted one of three identities–a pro-Black,non-racist (Afrocentric) orientation; a biculturalist orientation that integrates a Black identity with a White or other salient cultural identity; or a multiculturalist orientation that integrates a Black identity with two or more other salient cultural identities. Individuals in this stage(especially those who have adopted an Afrocentric identity) may actively work to eradicate racism and,in therapy, may exhibit healthy cultural paranoia.
What is White Racial Identity Developmental Model by Helms (1990, 1995)?
Proposes that idenity development involves 2 phases: abandoning racism(statuses 1-3) and developing a nonracist White identity(statuses4-6). Each status is characterized by a different information-processing strategy(IPS), which refers to the methods the individual uses to reduce discomfort related to racial issues.
- Contact Status: Individual has littleawareness ofracism and his/her racial identityand may exhibit unsophisticated behaviors that reflect racist attitudes and beliefs (e.g., may consistently base judgments of members of minority grps on White society’s standards). The IPS forthis status is oblivious and denial.
- Disintergration: Increasing awareness of race and racism leads to confusion and emotional conflict. To reduce internal dissonance, the person may over-iddentify with members of minority groups, act in paternalistic ways toward them, or retreat into White sociey. The IPS for this status is suppression of information and ambivalence.
- Reintegration Status: Attempts toresolve moral dilemmas associated with the disintegration status by idealizing White society and denigrating members of minority groups. Blame minority groups for their problems and view Whites as victims of reverse discrimination. IPS is selective perception and netaive out-group distortion.
- Pseudo-Independence Status: A personally jarring event or series of events causes the person to question his/her racist views and acknowledge the role that Whites have had in perpetrating racism. The person is interested in understanding racial/cultural differences but does so only on anintellectual level. The IPS is selective perception and reshaping reality.
- Immersion-Emersion Status: The individual explores what it means to be White, confronts his/her own biases, and begins to understand the ways he/she benefits from White priviledge This status is characterized by increased experinetial and affective understanding of racism and oppression. IPS is hypervigilence and reshaping.
- Autonomy Status: The individual internalizes a nonracist White identity that includes an appreciation of and respect for racial/cultural differences and similarities. He/she actively seeks out interactions with members of diverse groups. The IPS is flexibility and complexity.
According to Helms, When is a White therapist most effective when working with clients from ethnic/racial minority groups?
When the therapist’s attitudes and beliefs are consistent with the Autonomy status are most effective with clients from racial/cultural minority groups.
A progressive interaction occurs whenthe therapist’s level of racial identity development is at least one level more advanced than the level of his/her client. According to Helms this is themost effective interaction in therapy.
In contrast, regressive interaction, when the client’s levelof racial identity development is at least one level more advanced than the level of the therapist, it is asssociated with conflict and early termination from therapy by the client.
When the a crossed interaction occurs whenthe statuses of the therapist and client represent opposite attitudes toward race African American client is in the immersion-emersion stage and tehrapist has predominantly contactstatus attitudes) These tendto be highly confrontational and contentious.
What is Homosexual(Gay/Lesbian) identity Development Model by Troiden(1988)?
4 stages:
Stage 1: Sensitization;Feeling Different. During this stage, which is usually characterized of middle childhood, the individual feels different from his/her peers. For example, the individual may realize that his/her interests differ from those of same-gender classmates.
Stage 2: Self-Recognition;Identity Confusion. At the onset of puberty, the individual realizes that he/she is attracted to people of the same sex and attributes those feelings to homosexuality, which leads to turmoil and confusion.
Stage 3: Identity Assumption. Duringthgis stage, the individual becomes more certain of his/her homosexuality and may deal with this realization in a variety of ways–e.g., by trying to “pass” as heterosexual, by aligning him/herself with the homosexual community, or by acting in ways consistent with society’s stereotypes about homosexuality.
Stage 4. Commitment; Identity Integration. Individuals in this stage have adopted a homosexual way of life and publicly disclose their homosexuality.
