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History 2017 > Ideas Of Race > Flashcards

Ideas Of Race Flashcards

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1
Q

What do we now know about those ideas of race

A

That they are pseudo scientific

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2
Q

What were the three idea of race that arose during this time

A

Scientific racism
Social Darwinism
Eugenics

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3
Q

What is scientific racism

A

Using science to justify racism

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4
Q

What is social Darwinism

A

The belief that different races are at different stages of evolution. That black people were inferior to white people

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5
Q

What was eugenics

A

Positive - the breeding of people thought to be superior
Negative- trying to breed out the people regarded as inferior.
Breeding in the ‘good’ genes and breeding ‘out’ the bad genes.

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6
Q

What did governments around the world use these pseudo scientific ideas for

A

To make policies and laws

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7
Q

What did scientific racism lead to

A

It lead to prejudice, discrimination and in extreme cases, genocide against ‘inferior’ races. It also led to eugenics

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8
Q

What is still a major problem of our time and country

A

Discriminating against people because of their physical characteristics

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9
Q

What is the definition of a genocide

A

A deliberate attempt to kill specific national, ethnic, racial or religious groups of colour

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10
Q

What happened in 1788

A

British start first colony in Australia

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11
Q

What happened in 1884

A

Namibia becomes the german colony of south west africa

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12
Q

What happened in 1901

A

Formation of the Australian federation

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13
Q

What happened in 1904

A

Herero uprising against german rule in Namibia

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14
Q

What happened in 1905

A

Nama uprising against german rule in Namibia

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15
Q

What happened in 1933

A

Hitter become chancellor of Germany

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16
Q

What a happened from 1939 - 1945

A

The Second World War

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17
Q

What happened in 1939

A

Nuremberg trials

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18
Q

What happened in 1990

A

Human genome project established by US government

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19
Q

What happened in 2008

A

Australian prime minister apologises to the ‘stolen generation’

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20
Q

What does prejudice mean

A

A fixed opinion formed without knowing the facts

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21
Q

What were the people who studied other expel and races called

A

Social scientists

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22
Q

Why were these scientific ‘facts’ pseudo

A

Because they were not based on proper science, but on prejudice and faulty theories

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23
Q

What did social scientists study

A

They studied human behaviour, societies and customs

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24
Q

What did social scietists believe about classification

A

They believed that social factors could be analysed and classified in the same way as data in the natural sciences.

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25
Q

How did the social scientists come up with a way to classify humans

A

They used methods used by zoologist and botanists to classify animals and plants. These methods were based on physical features

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26
Q

How did social scientists begin to classify people

A

According to physical features such as: size of skull, shape of lips and nose, the colour of their skin and the texture of their hair

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27
Q

What did social scientists make links between

A

The physical features and mental ability and reached unscientific conclusions about typical characteristics of each race

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28
Q

What characteristics were given to the wild man

A

Four-footed, hairy, mute

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29
Q

What characteristics were given to the American

A

Copper-coloured, hair- black, straight, tick, wide nostrils, harsh face, regulated by customs

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30
Q

What characteristics were given to the European

A

Fair, sanguine, brawny, hair- yellow, brown, flowing, blue eyes, gentle, governed by laws

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31
Q

What characteristics were given to the asiatic

A

Sooty, melancholic, black hair, dark eyes, haughty, governed by opinions

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32
Q

What characteristics were given to the african

A

Black, relaxed, phlegmatic, black frizzled hair, silky skin, flat nose, crafty, indolent governed by caprice

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33
Q

Where did europeans apply the ideas of scientific racism

A

When they came across the first indigenous people in their new colonial empire.

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34
Q

What did the Europeans do to the indigenous people

A

They measured their heads and facial features, and made cast of people to display in museums. Some people were actually put on display in an artificially creates native village. This was so that other people could see their simple, primitive way of life compared to the industrialised world.

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35
Q

What did darwin’s theory of evolution suggest

A

It suggested that, in the animal world, species were continually evolving or changing. He said that the process occurred because of the ability of the better-adapted species to flourish at the expense of the less well-adapted ones.

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36
Q

Who coined the phrase, “ survival of the fittest”

A

A social scientist, Herbert Spencer

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37
Q

What did spencer and other social scientist do with Darwin’s theory

A

Hey applied it to humans and called it social Darwinism

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38
Q

What did social Darwinism state

A

It stated that there was a hierarchy offices and that europeans were the most advanced because of their better developed technology and they had conquered large parts of the world

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39
Q

What did social Darwinism offer an explanation for

A

The different level of development in technology. They also used it to justify why it was ok to take land away from the indigenous people. They saw it as part of the process of survival of the fittest.

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40
Q

What was misunderstood about Darwin’s theory

A

Darwin believed that a whole species was constantly adapting to changing environments in the process of evolution. He did no suggest that there were superior societies, cultures or races

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41
Q

How did social darwinists apply this theory to their own cultures

A

They applied it to mentally and physically disabled people saying that they were inferior and were at a lower level of development.

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42
Q

How did people in Britain apply social Darwinism

A

They thought that working class people were ;edd able than the paper classes.

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43
Q

How did the Americans apply social Darwinism to their own society

A

They applied the ideas to capitalism and thought that the fittest, the successful businessman, had triumphed over the unfit, the poor worker. They used this based on difference in ability, not difference in opportunity

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44
Q

What was one of the most extreme cases of social Darwinism being displayed

A

Ota benga

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45
Q

Who was Ota Benga

A

He was a Pygmy from Congo who was displayed in a monkey house in New York

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46
Q

What was the more sinister science of the three

A

Eugenics

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47
Q

Where does the work eugenics come from

A

It comes from the Greek word for ‘good genes’

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48
Q

Who first developed he concept of eugenics

A

Francis Galton. He argued that it was wrong to protect the underprivileged and weak people in society because it went against the principles of evolution. Only the good genes should be supported

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49
Q

What did eugenicists believe

A

They believed that it was possible to produce better human beings by using the right kind of social policies

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50
Q

Who did eugenicists encourage too have children

A

People who had the right physical and mental characteristics.

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51
Q

Who accepted the theories of eugenics

A

Many people, even in democracies such a britain, Sweden and the US

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52
Q

What were positive eugenics policies

A

Promoting and improving health, fitness and nutrition. They hoped to prevent racial decline through better diet, fresh air and regular exercise. They also encouraged women who were considerably healthy to have children. They also set up maternity clinics and family planning programmes to give the women support.

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53
Q

What did governments do to support positive eugenics policies

A

They built public swimming pools and sports grounds.

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54
Q

What other countries supported eugenics

A

India, China and Brazil

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55
Q

What did other eugenicists believe (negative)

A

That it was not enough to just promote a healthy population, but that those with ‘bad’ genes should be prevented from havig children.

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56
Q

How did eugenicists stop people with ‘bad’ genes from having children

A

It was either suggested that they have a sterilisation or use contraception pills and birth control, or they were forced to have a sterilisation or an abortion. They also prohibited sexual relations among people who the believed were unfit to become parents (mentally ill or criminals)

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57
Q

Where was the highest birth rate

A

In the poor working class people

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58
Q

What law was passed in britain to improve the population

A

A law to lock away mentally ill people in institutions to prevent them from having children.

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59
Q

What was done in many states in the US

A

Forced sterilisation

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60
Q

What countries offered voluntary sterilisation

A

Switzerland, Denmark and Norway

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61
Q

How were these eugenics applied to race

A

Scientific racism and social Darwinism led some people to believe that some races were fitter than others.

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62
Q

What did eugenics lead to

A

It led to the belief that there were inferior and superior humans and that racial mixing caused the tainting of superior races. This led to laws prohibiting sexual contact across races and in extreme cases, to policies of genocide such as the extermination of the Herero in Namibia and the Jews in Nazi Germany

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63
Q

How did the ideas of race affect today’s society

A

They led to severe abuses of human rights such as forced sterilisation and mass murder

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64
Q

What shows that these ideas of race are false

A

Genetics

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65
Q

How did geneticists discover that the could trace ancestors

A

Analysing the structure of our DNA. The mtDNA can only be inherited from the mother and so it is called the ‘Eve gene’

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66
Q

How did geneticists build a picture of how close we are related

A

They compared the characteristics of the mtDNA of people who have origins around the world.

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67
Q

What did the genetic research show

A

That there are no genetic differences between people of different races

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68
Q

Who did geneticists figure out we were all descended from

A

A common ancestor who lived in africa about 200 000 years ago

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69
Q

What happened about 80 000 years ago

A

The first humans migrated across the strip of. Land near the Red Sea and then moved to other continents.

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70
Q

What happened because people were living in different environments

A

They developed different traditions, technology and culture.

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71
Q

What is the actual reason people of different races behave differently

A

Because of our ancestors adapting differently to different environments

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72
Q

What group of people used to have healthy hearts and why did they not anymore

A

Japanese people had healthy hearts because they have a low-fat diet of fish and rice. However, they too develop unhealthy hearts when they eat junk food. Their health is not a matter of race, but of environment

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73
Q

What was the purpose of the Human Genome Project

A

To identify all the varieties of DNA (genomes) structures in human populations

74
Q

How did the Human Genome Project help scientist

A

It helped them to better understand and treat medical disorders

75
Q

What did the Human Genome Project show

A

It showed that the genomes of individual people produce different physical features such as hair and skin colour, but there were no consistent differences between the genomes of people in different races.

76
Q

What are the indigenous people of Australia called

A

Aborigines

77
Q

How long had the aborigines lived in Australia

A

For at least 70 000 years

78
Q

How did the aborigines survive

A

They were hunter-gathered who survived by hunting wild game and collecting food from the environment around them.

79
Q

Why did the aborigines not farm on the land

A

There was plenty of food and the climate was very dry, so there was unnecessary and difficult

80
Q

What did the aborigines do instead of settled farming

A

They moved around their own region searching for food.

81
Q

Who were the aborigines have a close link to nature

A

Because they believed that the landscape had been created by their dead ancestors and still contained their spirits

82
Q

When did the British set up a colony in Australia

A

In 1788

83
Q

What kind of colony did the british set up

A

A penal colony

84
Q

What is a penal colony

A

A colony where people convicted of crimes were sent

85
Q

Where in Australia was the penal colony set up

A

In Sydney

86
Q

What kind of crimes had the people who went to the penal colony in Sydney committed

A

They were mainly poor people who committed crimes such as stealing or poaching. They committed these crimes to try and survive the social changes during the early industrial revolution

87
Q

Why else did the British colonise Australia

A

Because they wanted to stop the French from colonising it

88
Q

What did the new colonist do to the land

A

They wanted it to grow its own food and pay for itself so they cleared the trees, ploughed the land and built houses.

89
Q

What colony was formed when more free settlers arrived

A

The settlement expanded and formed a new colony called New South Whales

90
Q

What did New SOuth Whales start keeping

A

Sheep. They soon started exporting wool and became very wealthy

91
Q

Where were other penal colonies established

A

On the island of Van Diemen’s land and at the Swan River

92
Q

What is Van Diemen’s land now called

A

Tasmania

93
Q

What is Swan River now called

A

Perth

94
Q

Where were other colonies set up

A

In South Australia, Victoria and Queensland

95
Q

What is the capital of South Australia

A

Adelaide

96
Q

What is the capital of Victoria

A

Melbourne

97
Q

What is the capital of Queensland

A

Brisbane

98
Q

When and where was gold discovered in Australia

A

In the region of Victoria inland from Melbourne in the 1850’s

99
Q

Where did miners come from in search of wealth

A

They came from Britain, Ireland and China

100
Q

What became one of the largest and wealthiest cities in the british empire

A

Melbourne

101
Q

When did the British colonies join together

A

In 1901

102
Q

What did all the colonies form

A

They formed the Australian federation

103
Q

What was the Australian federation

A

A domain with self-government within the British empire.

104
Q

What kind of impact did the colonies have f the aboriginal

A

They had a very negative one

105
Q

How did Sydney treat the aboriginals

A

They refused to recognise that the aboriginals had any rights to the land.

106
Q

What happened to the aboriginals now that they had no land

A

They couldn’t continue to live as hunter-gatherers. They had to depend on the settlers for food many worked for the settlers as herdsmen for very low wages. Many became poor and died

107
Q

How did most of the aboriginals die

A

They died from disease brought by the europeans because they did not have immunity to it. The main disease was small pox

108
Q

Did the aborigines resist the taking away of land

A

Yes, some did by attacking farmers or their livestock.

109
Q

How did the colonist fight back against the aborigine who were trying to get their land back

A

They shot at them and in some regions there was ongoing guerrilla warfare

110
Q

Where was there ongoing guerrilla warfare

A

In Tasmania

111
Q

Why do some historians believe what was done to the aborigines was a genocide

A

Because it was the killing of so many aborigines by disease, loss of access to food and land and by armed conflict

112
Q

What do other people say the reason for so many aborigines dying was

A

Because their society could not adapt to change and that it was not a deliberate policy

113
Q

How many aboriginals were living in Australia when the british started colonising

A

Between half a million to a million

114
Q

How many aboriginals were left by the 20th century

A

Only 60 000

115
Q

What were the deaths of the aboriginals mainly caused by

A

Disease and conflict with the settlers

116
Q

What did most of the Australian settlers believe the cause of the aboriginals deaths was

A

Racial factors. They thought that the only reason they had survived was because they were isolated from the rest of the world

117
Q

What did the british believe about their race

A

Following the theories of social Darwinism, they believed that they were the superior race

118
Q

What were the theories of social Darwinism

A

That human races are competing and that only the fittest race survived

119
Q

What did the settlers believe about the aborigines

A

That they were inferior and would soon die out because they could not compete with the developing society around them.

120
Q

How did the settlers see the racial decay of the aboriginal society

A

They saw unemployment, dependence on alcohol and refusal ti settle in one place

121
Q

How did the settlers see what the aboriginals as a form of racial suicide

A

The aboriginals refused or were unable to adapt to settler society. The settlers saw this as racial suicide

122
Q

What were the three groups of thinking about what to do about the aboriginals

A

Put them in reserves to protect them
Put them in reserves to keep them away from the settlers
Let them integrate with the settlers

123
Q

What did the majority of people think should be done about the aboriginal

A

That they would set aside a reserve where the aboriginals would be forced to stay so that they were separate from the settlers

124
Q

What did the minority of the settlers think should be done about the aboriginals

A

They either thought that they should be put in reserves, but to protect them, not to keep them separate, or they thought that they should be allowed to integrate with the settlers

125
Q

What kind of laws did the government pass

A

Laws that gave them complete control over the aboriginals’ lives

126
Q

What were the laws

A

•All aboriginals and half-casts could be forcibly moved and kept in a reserve
•they were not allowed to vote, drink alcohol, carry guns or own dogs
• marriages between whites and aboriginals needed special permission from a government minister
•white superintendents in charge of the reserves had complete control of every aspect of the aboriginals lives:
- they could search their homes, read their letters, confiscate their property, confine their children to dormitories, ban their dances and other traditional customs, and expel them to another reserve. They were called the protectors of aborigines

127
Q

Where these laws strictly kept

A

No, many aborigines remained outside the reserves. However, most aborigines were denied their civil rights and suffered from white prejudice and discrimination. They weren’t allowed to live in the same parts of town or use the facilities as white Australians.

128
Q

What was clear by the 1930’s

A

That the aborigines were not going to die out. Many were living in poverty and neglect

129
Q

What did the aborigines start doing in the 1930’s

A

They started establishing national organisations to protest against the bad treatment against them.

130
Q

When did these policies and attitudes begin to change

A

Only after the Second World War

131
Q

What was one of the first laws passed when the Australian federation was formed

A

The immigration restriction act

132
Q

What did the immigration restriction act do

A

It gave the government the power to refuse entry into Australia to any immigrant.

133
Q

How did the government prevent people from coming in

A

They demanded that the immigrants take a dictation test in any European language chosen be the authorities

134
Q

Who did the government want to stop from coming in

A

Asian and especially Chinese

135
Q

How did the government justify not letting immigrants in

A

The Australian Labour Party argued that they took away jobs from white Australians

136
Q

What was the policy of stopping immigrants from coming into Australia

A

It was called the ‘white Australia’ policy

137
Q

What was the problem with the with the immigration restriction act

A

They needed immigrants fro its economy to grow.

138
Q

What was the fear in the early 20th century

A

That the white propulsion was not growing fast enough.

139
Q

What measures were put in place so that the white population would grow more

A

Women were given special maternity allowances to encourage them to have larger families.

140
Q

What did the Australian government do when maternity allowances didn’t work

A

They tried to encourage immigrants to go to Australia

141
Q

Which british immigrants on particular did they want

A

They wanted people who were willing to work as labourers on farms and as domestic servants

142
Q

Why did the British emigrants not move to Australia

A

Because other couriers such as the US and Canada offered better opportunities for them.

143
Q

When did the more British people start immigrating to Australia

A

When world war 2 ended. They recruited ex-servicemen and their families who wanted a better life.

144
Q

How many British emmigrants went to Australia between 1919-1922

A

About 35 000

145
Q

What was the problem with the 35 000 emigrants that moved to Australia

A

They didn’t want to work on farms or as domestic workers

146
Q

What schemes did the government develop

A

Schemes to recruit children from britain

147
Q

What were most of the children from britain

A

They were orphans who were living in children’s homes in britain and hoped for a better life in Australia

148
Q

How many boys and girls were taken form britain to work in Australia between 1922 and 1927

A

About 14 000 boys and 2000 girls.

149
Q

Where were the boys and girls housed and trained

A

In institutions. The boys were sent to work on farms and the girls entered domestic service

150
Q

When did these schemes decline

A

During the Great Depression and then grew again during the Second World War

151
Q

Where the stories of the child immigrants well know

A

No, but recently, some of the kids (now older) started telling stories about abuse and neglect.

152
Q

What did the Australian government order in 2000 about the complains

A

They ordered an investigation

153
Q

What did some people say about the scenes

A

That it gave them opportunities in life

154
Q

What did other feels bout the schemes

A

They felt isolated and exploited

155
Q

What was the report called

A

It was called the lost innocents

156
Q

What did the ‘ lost innocents’ recommend

A

They recommended that funding be given to the ‘children’ so that they could trace their families in britain

157
Q

What is the most striking example of eugenics in Australia

A

The stolen generation

158
Q

What does the stolen genteartion refer to

A

More than 100 000 children who were forcibly removed from their parents

159
Q

Over how many years were children being taken away from their parent

A

From 1910 to 1970

160
Q

What race were the children

A

They were mixed race usualy with an aboriginal mother and a white father

161
Q

Around what ages were they separated from their mothers

A

Around ages 4 to 5

162
Q

Where were the children taken to

A

To white Cristian families, missionaries or state orphanages. Some were fostered or adopted

163
Q

Why were they not allowed contact with their families

A

The purpose was to assimilate the children into the white Australian society

164
Q

What were the children trained to be

A

Domestic and farm workers so that they would blend in with the white population

165
Q

Did this policy apply everywhere

A

No

166
Q

Who was it mainly promoted by

A

Two government officials: Cecil Cook and Aubergine Neville

167
Q

Who was Cecil Cook

A

He was chief protector of aborigines in the Northern Territory

168
Q

Who was A.O. Neville

A

He was chief protector of aborigines is Western Australia.

169
Q

What did both Cook and Neville do

A

They ruthlessly enforced the removal of mixed-race children from their mothers. They insisted that these children could only marry white Australians (and if not possible other half-casts)

170
Q

What were the children from a half-cast mother and white/ half-cast father classified as

A

Whites

171
Q

How did Neville justify what he was doing

A

He said it was necessary to do it to bread out the colour

172
Q

What happened in the government institutions administered by Neville

A

Many children lived there and their education and access to clothing and money was controlled. He refused to allow the girls to socialise with anyone else other that white/ half-casts.

173
Q

How did the childre see Neville

A

Some saw him as their benefactor, while others were afraid of him

174
Q

What did civil rights activists think about Neville

A

They saw him as their main enemy

175
Q

What were children told about their parents

A

That their parents didn’t want them or that they were dead

176
Q

What were the conditions like where the children were kept

A

They were very poor. They were kept under strict discipline and some were sexually abused.

177
Q

What did their education prepare the children for

A

Manual labour

178
Q

What did the government set up in 1995

A

A commission of enquiry into the effects of the forced removals on peoples lives

179
Q

What did the commission of enquiry conclude

A

That although the policy had stated to be in the best interest of the children, it damaged their lives and the families lives.

180
Q

What did the aboriginal children loose

A

They lost their culture, language, heritage, land and identity and they felt isolated

181
Q

Who was the Australian prime minister in 2008

A

Minister Kevin Rudd

182
Q

What did Rudd do

A

He apologised in parliament to the stolen generation. It was a recognition of some of the aim that eugenicists thinking and policies had brought to the indigenous people in Australia

History 2017 (16 decks)

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