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AP European History > ID List Chapter 21.2 and 22 - Emerging Urban Society Life > Flashcards

ID List Chapter 21.2 and 22 - Emerging Urban Society Life Flashcards

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1
Q

The Corn Laws

A
  • Set of British laws
  • governed the import and export of grain
  • revised in 1815
  • prohibited the importation of foreign grain unless the price at home rose to improbable levels
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2
Q

Peterloo (1817)

A
  • an orderly protest in reaction to the revision of the Corn Laws
  • broken up by an armed cavalry
  • took place at Saint Peter’s fields in Manchester
  • a play on the Battle of Waterloo
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3
Q

Reform Bill of 1832

A
  • major British political reform
  • increased the number of male voters by 50%
  • gave political representation to new industrial areas
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4
Q

Great Famine (Irish Potato Famine - 1840s)

A
  • the result of four years of potato crop failure in Ireland
  • a fungus attacked the crops between 1845-1848
  • the British attempted to help, however, it was futile
  • Ireland has still not recovered its pre-famine numbers
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5
Q

Constitutional Chapter

A
  • granted by Louis XVIII in 1814
  • created a limited liberal constitution
  • protected economic and social gains
  • however, only 1/300 could vote for deputies
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6
Q

Charles X (r. 1824 - 1830)

A
  • Charles X replaced Louis XIII
  • Charles X was the last Bourbon to rule
  • Last hereditary monarch
  • Tried to rule as an absolute monarch by canceling the constitutional monarchy
  • His actions led to the Revolution of 1830
  • Tried to save his position by invading and capturing Algeria
  • Was forced to abdicate
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7
Q

Revolution of 1830 (France)

A
  • After capturing Algeria, Charles X revoked the Constitutional Charter
  • He censored the press and stripped the middle class of its voting rights
  • The immediate reaction was an insurrection in the capital
  • Charles fled and Louis Philippe took the throne
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8
Q

Louis Philippe (“The Citizen King) (r. 1830 - 1848)

A
  • Cousin to Charles X, succeeding him after the Revolution of 1830
  • Reinstalled the Constitutional Charter
  • maintained the status quo until the Revolutions of 1848
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9
Q

The “June Days” (1848)

A
  • Fueled by the clash between liberal moderation and radical socialism
  • A three day uprising in Paris that caused the deaths of 10,000 people
  • It failed, allowing Louis Napoleon to get elected as president in December, creating a semi-authoritarian regime
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10
Q

Ferdinand I (r. 1835-1848)

A
  • promised reforms and a liberal constitution.
    -emperor when Austria started to revolt.
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11
Q

Francis Joseph (r. 1848 -1916)

A
  • son of Sophia of Bavaria
  • crowned emperor of Austria after his 18th birthday
  • replaced Emperor Ferdinand I
  • rejected the liberal constitution
  • worked toward centralization of power
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12
Q

NIcholas I (1825 - 1855)

A
  • succeeded Alexander I
  • reactionary monarch
  • suppressed the Decembrist revolt
  • most autocratic rule of any European nation
  • began sending opponents and criminals to Siberia
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13
Q

Frederick William IV (r. 1840 - 1861)

A
  • autocratic emperor of Prussia
  • wanted to be emperor of a unified Germany
  • tried to negotiate with the people
  • they requested that he serve as emperor of a “lesser” German state and he refused
  • all attempts to unite the Germans failed
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14
Q

Utilitarianism

A
  • Greatest good for the greatest number
  • Utility = useful
  • Bentham is the spokesperson
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15
Q

The Chadwick Reports

A
  • became the basis of Great Britain’s first public health law
  • proved that disease was related to filthy environmental conditions, which were in turn caused largely by lack of drainage, sewers, and garbage collection
  • the working class is the most susceptible to these afflictions and the government should intervene
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16
Q

Germ Theory

A
  • the idea that disease is caused by microbes and bacteria
  • used by Louis Pasteur to create the process known as pasteurization
17
Q

Baron Georges Haussmann (1809 - 1884)

A
  • urban planner hired by Louis Napoleon to remodel/renovate Paris
  • the project took 3 decades
  • built new boulevards, parks, and public works aka sewers
  • influenced other large cities to also start to renovate
18
Q

Labor Aristocracy

A
  • highly skilled workers
  • ex: factory foreman; construction bosses
  • made up about 15% of the working class from 1850-1914
19
Q

Sweated Industries

A
  • poorly paid handicraft production
  • often carried out by married women working at home
  • paid by the piece
20
Q

Millicent Fawcett (1847 - 1929)

A
  • English suffragist and campaigner for equal rights for women
  • Less radical than Pankhurst; non-violent
  • Thought violence from other groups kept Parliament from passing women’s voting rights bill
  • Was present when Parliament passed the Women’s Right to Vote Bill in 1918; it allowed women 30 and over the right to vote
21
Q

Emmeline Pankhurst (1858 - 1928)

A
  • British suffragist
  • Known to make her point violently
  • Later some in the organization used explosives
  • Arrested on several occasions, sent to prison for 3 years
  • Tried to push Parliament members into voting for the women’s right to vote
22
Q

Thermodynamics

A
  • A branch of physics built on Newton’s laws of mechanics
  • investigated the relationship between heat and mechanical energy
23
Q

Second Industrial Revolution

A
  • followed the first Industrial Revolution
  • a burst of industrial creativity and technological innovation
  • promoted strong economic growth in the last third of the 1800s
24
Q

Origin of Species (1859)

A
  • written by Charles Darwin
  • one of the most influential scientific works ever published
  • through the study of finches, Darwin concluded that animals are in constant competition for resources
  • natural selection suggested that biological development occurred randomly
25
Q

Social Darwinism

A
  • individuals began using Darwin’s scientific theory to justify a particular view of social, political, or economic conditions
  • it was used to justify racial superiority of Europeans over other cultures
  • basically a form of racism
  • NOT SUPPORTED BY DARWIN HIMSELF
  • Herbert Spencer: the spokesperson for Social Darwinism
26
Q

Max Weber (1864 - 1920)

A
  • German sociologist
  • “The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism”
  • argued that the rise of capitalism was directly linked to protestantism
27
Q

Realism

A
  • artistic and literature movement that began in France
  • rejected romanticism, revolting against the exaggerated emotionalism of the movement
  • depicted people of all classes in ordinary life situations
  • often sordid or untidy elements of subjects were showcased
  • treated the working class with the same seriousness as the other classes
28
Q

Emilie Zola (1840 - 1902)

A
  • French writer
  • wrote a series of novel portraying the destructive influence of heredity on the lives of his characters
  • most famous for his depiction of the working class
  • his frank depiction of violence and alcoholism brought heavy criticism
  • played a role in the Dreyfus affair
29
Q

Charles Dickens (1812 - 1870)

A
  • English writer and social critic
  • Also famous for depicting the lives of the working class in Britain
  • created some of the most famous characters in literature
  • most famous writer in the 1800s
  • “Oliver Twist”, “A Christmas Carol”, and “A Tale of Two Cities” are some of his most famous works

AP European History (16 decks)

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