ID List Chapter 21.2 and 22 - Emerging Urban Society Life

Question 1

The Corn Laws

Answer 1

• Set of British laws
• governed the import and export of grain
• revised in 1815
• prohibited the importation of foreign grain unless the price at home rose to improbable levels

Question 2

Peterloo (1817)

Answer 2

• an orderly protest in reaction to the revision of the Corn Laws
• broken up by an armed cavalry
• took place at Saint Peter’s fields in Manchester
• a play on the Battle of Waterloo

Question 3

Reform Bill of 1832

Answer 3

• major British political reform
• increased the number of male voters by 50%
• gave political representation to new industrial areas

Question 4

Great Famine (Irish Potato Famine - 1840s)

Answer 4

• the result of four years of potato crop failure in Ireland
• a fungus attacked the crops between 1845-1848
• the British attempted to help, however, it was futile
• Ireland has still not recovered its pre-famine numbers

Question 5

Constitutional Chapter

Answer 5

• granted by Louis XVIII in 1814
• created a limited liberal constitution
• protected economic and social gains
• however, only 1/300 could vote for deputies

Question 6

Charles X (r. 1824 - 1830)

Answer 6

• Charles X replaced Louis XIII
• Charles X was the last Bourbon to rule
• Last hereditary monarch
• Tried to rule as an absolute monarch by canceling the constitutional monarchy
• His actions led to the Revolution of 1830
• Tried to save his position by invading and capturing Algeria
• Was forced to abdicate

Question 7

Revolution of 1830 (France)

Answer 7

• After capturing Algeria, Charles X revoked the Constitutional Charter
• He censored the press and stripped the middle class of its voting rights
• The immediate reaction was an insurrection in the capital
• Charles fled and Louis Philippe took the throne

Question 8

Louis Philippe (“The Citizen King) (r. 1830 - 1848)

Answer 8

• Cousin to Charles X, succeeding him after the Revolution of 1830
• Reinstalled the Constitutional Charter
• maintained the status quo until the Revolutions of 1848

Question 9

The “June Days” (1848)

Answer 9

• Fueled by the clash between liberal moderation and radical socialism
• A three day uprising in Paris that caused the deaths of 10,000 people
• It failed, allowing Louis Napoleon to get elected as president in December, creating a semi-authoritarian regime

Question 10

Ferdinand I (r. 1835-1848)

Answer 10

• promised reforms and a liberal constitution.
  -emperor when Austria started to revolt.

Question 11

Francis Joseph (r. 1848 -1916)

Answer 11

• son of Sophia of Bavaria
• crowned emperor of Austria after his 18th birthday
• replaced Emperor Ferdinand I
• rejected the liberal constitution
• worked toward centralization of power

Question 12

NIcholas I (1825 - 1855)

Answer 12

• succeeded Alexander I
• reactionary monarch
• suppressed the Decembrist revolt
• most autocratic rule of any European nation
• began sending opponents and criminals to Siberia

Question 13

Frederick William IV (r. 1840 - 1861)

Answer 13

• autocratic emperor of Prussia
• wanted to be emperor of a unified Germany
• tried to negotiate with the people
• they requested that he serve as emperor of a “lesser” German state and he refused
• all attempts to unite the Germans failed

Question 14

Utilitarianism

Answer 14

• Greatest good for the greatest number
• Utility = useful
• Bentham is the spokesperson

Question 15

The Chadwick Reports

Answer 15

• became the basis of Great Britain’s first public health law
• proved that disease was related to filthy environmental conditions, which were in turn caused largely by lack of drainage, sewers, and garbage collection
• the working class is the most susceptible to these afflictions and the government should intervene

Question 16

Germ Theory

Answer 16

• the idea that disease is caused by microbes and bacteria
• used by Louis Pasteur to create the process known as pasteurization

Question 17

Baron Georges Haussmann (1809 - 1884)

Answer 17

• urban planner hired by Louis Napoleon to remodel/renovate Paris
• the project took 3 decades
• built new boulevards, parks, and public works aka sewers
• influenced other large cities to also start to renovate

Question 18

Labor Aristocracy

Answer 18

• highly skilled workers
• ex: factory foreman; construction bosses
• made up about 15% of the working class from 1850-1914

Question 19

Sweated Industries

Answer 19

• poorly paid handicraft production
• often carried out by married women working at home
• paid by the piece

Question 20

Millicent Fawcett (1847 - 1929)

Answer 20

• English suffragist and campaigner for equal rights for women
• Less radical than Pankhurst; non-violent
• Thought violence from other groups kept Parliament from passing women’s voting rights bill
• Was present when Parliament passed the Women’s Right to Vote Bill in 1918; it allowed women 30 and over the right to vote

Question 21

Emmeline Pankhurst (1858 - 1928)

Answer 21

• British suffragist
• Known to make her point violently
• Later some in the organization used explosives
• Arrested on several occasions, sent to prison for 3 years
• Tried to push Parliament members into voting for the women’s right to vote

Question 22

Thermodynamics

Answer 22

• A branch of physics built on Newton’s laws of mechanics
• investigated the relationship between heat and mechanical energy

Question 23

Second Industrial Revolution

Answer 23

• followed the first Industrial Revolution
• a burst of industrial creativity and technological innovation
• promoted strong economic growth in the last third of the 1800s

Question 24

Origin of Species (1859)

Answer 24

• written by Charles Darwin
• one of the most influential scientific works ever published
• through the study of finches, Darwin concluded that animals are in constant competition for resources
• natural selection suggested that biological development occurred randomly

Question 25

Social Darwinism

Answer 25

• individuals began using Darwin’s scientific theory to justify a particular view of social, political, or economic conditions
• it was used to justify racial superiority of Europeans over other cultures
• basically a form of racism
• NOT SUPPORTED BY DARWIN HIMSELF
• Herbert Spencer: the spokesperson for Social Darwinism

Question 26

Max Weber (1864 - 1920)

Answer 26

• German sociologist
• “The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism”
• argued that the rise of capitalism was directly linked to protestantism

Question 27

Realism

Answer 27

• artistic and literature movement that began in France
• rejected romanticism, revolting against the exaggerated emotionalism of the movement
• depicted people of all classes in ordinary life situations
• often sordid or untidy elements of subjects were showcased
• treated the working class with the same seriousness as the other classes

Question 28

Emilie Zola (1840 - 1902)

Answer 28

• French writer
• wrote a series of novel portraying the destructive influence of heredity on the lives of his characters
• most famous for his depiction of the working class
• his frank depiction of violence and alcoholism brought heavy criticism
• played a role in the Dreyfus affair

Question 29

Charles Dickens (1812 - 1870)

Answer 29

• English writer and social critic
• Also famous for depicting the lives of the working class in Britain
• created some of the most famous characters in literature
• most famous writer in the 1800s
• “Oliver Twist”, “A Christmas Carol”, and “A Tale of Two Cities” are some of his most famous works