ID List Chapter 20 - Energy and Industry Revolution

Question 1

Industrial Revolution

Answer 1

• a technical revolution that started in 1765
• started in Britain and moved further east
• used to describe the burst of major inventions and economic expansion

Question 2

Cottage industry (“putting out system”)

Answer 2

• also known as the putting-out system

Question 3

Hargreaves’s Spinning Jenny

Answer 3

• a simple, inexpensive, hand-powered spinning machine
• helped expand the cotton textile industry
• one of the first inventions of the Industrial Revolution

Question 4

Arkwright’s Water Frame

Answer 4

• a spinning machine that used waterpower
• had a capacity of several hundred spindles
• part of early textile factories

Question 5

James Watt (1736-1819)

Answer 5

• made the steam engine a practical and commercial success with the help of Matthew Boulton

Question 6

George Stephenson’s Rocket

Answer 6

• first effective steam locomotive
• went 35mph without a load
• 24 mph with a load
• revolutionized the transportation industry

Question 7

Thomas Malthus (1766-1834)

Answer 7

• British economist
• Essay on the Principle of Population
• population will soon outstrip the food supply
• if wages are raised, the number of kids will increase, consuming more food and the extra wages
• no hope of avoiding this crisis

Question 8

David Ricardo (1772-1823)

Answer 8

• British economist
• Principles of Political Economy
• “Iron Law of Wages”: if wages increase, the number of children increases. Then, the number of workers increases, wages fall, and the number of children falls as well
• wages should always lean toward a minimal level
• supported employers and theoretical support for opposing labor unions

Question 9

Friedrich List (1789-1846)

Answer 9

-German economist
- critic of David Ricardo and free trade.
-Rejected the liberal notion that individuals advancing their interests inevitably serve the interests of the larger community or nation.
- Argued that nations need to approach trade from the perspective of the national interest and the interests of the community as a whole.

Question 10

Zollverein

Answer 10

• German treaty
• created a customs union between the participating states
• allowed goods to move between member states without tariffs
• instated a single, uniform tariff against other nations

Question 11

Robert Owen (1771-1858)

Answer 11

• a successful manufacturer in Scotland
• argued that employing children under 10 was dangerous
• helped instate the Factory Acts
• advocate for unions, involved in the Grand National Consolidated Trades Union

Question 12

Factory Acts

Answer 12

• English laws passed from 1802-1833
• limited the workday of child laborers
• set minimum hygiene and safety standards
• created significant progress in preventing child exploitation
• however, it broke the pattern of families working together

Question 13

Separate Spheres

Answer 13

• a gender division of labor
• the wife stayed at home as mother and homemaker
• the husband was the wage-earner

Question 14

The Mines Act of 1842

Answer 14

• English law
• prohibited underground work for all women and girls
• also included boys under age 10
• men feared that the mines were dangerous to women’s morals, so this law was passed

Question 15

Class-consciousness

Answer 15

• concept named by Karl Marx
• awareness of belonging to a distinct social and economic class
• created conflicting classes

Question 16

Luddites

Answer 16

• a group of handicraft workers
• attacked factories, smashing the new machines
• believed that factories were putting them out of work

Question 17

The Condition of the Working Class in England

Answer 17

• accepted and reinforced Malthus and Ricardo’s views
• written by Friedrich Engles, a colleague of Marx
• criticized the capitalist classes
• the new poverty of industrial workers was worse than the old
• later used to support socialism

Question 18

The Combination Acts

Answer 18

• passed in Britain in 1799
• outlawed unions and strikes
• favored capitalist businessmen over skilled artisans
• resented and disregarded by many
• repealed by Parliament in 1824

Question 19

The Chartist Movement

Answer 19

• Sought political democracy
• demanded that all men be given the right to vote
• made up of working classmen
• wanted to eliminate land ownership as one of the qualifications to vote

Question 20

Josiah Wedgwood (1730-1795)

Answer 20

• English potter
• grew his business by appealing to the upper classes
• eventually became a factory owner
• strict, but treated his workers well
• offered high wages, pensions, benefits, company housing, and more