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AP European History > Chapter 23 ID List - Age of Nationalism > Flashcards

Chapter 23 ID List - Age of Nationalism Flashcards

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1
Q

Louis Napoleon (r. 1848-1870)

A
  • Also known as Napoleon III
  • French president elected by popular vote in 1848
  • Gave workers more rights, such as the ability to strike
  • Expanded French economy vastly by promoting banking and industry
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2
Q

Giuseppe Mazzini (1805-1872)

A
  • Italian lawyer and nationalist
  • wanted a unified Italy under a liberalist constitution; republican
  • led an organization known as Young Italy
  • this organization took over Rome in 1848 in a failed attempt to create a Roman Republic
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3
Q

Pope Pius IX (r. 1846-1878)

A
  • Pope during the German and Italian unification
  • did not support the unification of Italy
  • argued with Bismark over the treatment of Catholics in Germany
  • claimed papal infallibility
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4
Q

Count Camilo Cavour (r. 1850-1861)

A
  • Prime minister of Piedmont-Sardinia
  • Architect of Italian unification using war and diplomacy
  • supported a constitutional monarchy after unification
  • worked for Victor Emmanuel II
  • Realpolitik
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5
Q

Giuseppe Garibaldi (r. 1807-1882)

A
  • nationalist leader of the “Red Shirts” who wanted to liberate the Kingdom of Two Sicilies
  • aided Mazzini in his attempt to take over Rome
  • given military aid by Cavour to invade southern Italy and turn it over Victor Emmanuel II
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6
Q

The “Red Shirts”

A
  • Italian nationalists
  • Invaded southern Italy to help unify the country
  • led by Giuseppe Garibaldi
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7
Q

Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898)

A
  • Born into Prussian landholding aristocracy
  • the architect of German unification
  • gained experience as a foreign diplomat in France and Russia
  • member of the Junker class
  • extremely conservative; will be associated with “new conservatism”
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8
Q

William I (r. 1861-1888)

A
  • Prussian king
  • eventually became German Kaiser
  • pushed Bismark into creating a large military budget
  • argued with liberals
  • was king during German unification
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9
Q

Danish-Prussian War (1864)

A
  • The Danish king tried to annex Schleswig-Holstein
  • Prussia and Austria joined in a short, successful war against Denmark
  • Prussia and Austria agreed to jointly rule the providence
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10
Q

Austro-Prussian War (1866)

A
  • lasted only 7 weeks
  • the reorganized Prussian army defeated Austria at the Battle of Sadowa in Bohemia
  • Bismark offered Austria generous peace terms
  • The German Confederation was dissolved and Austria withdrew from German affairs
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11
Q

Franco-Prussian War (1870)

A
  • The third and final war of German unification
  • got the southern states to join Bismark
  • German Chief of Staff Von Moltke led an army of 460,000 who had been preparing for two years
  • the Germans used railroads during the war, learning from the Americans
  • Napoleon was forced to abdicate
  • Germany wins
    (aka the pettiest war to ever be waged)
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12
Q

Alsace and Lorraine

A
  • both Germany and France claimed it
  • Germany takes it in the Franco-Prussian War
  • France takes it back after WWI
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13
Q

Crimean War (1853-1856)

A
  • War waged by Russia attempting to expand into Ottoman territory
  • Britain, France and Sardinia allied together to defeat Russia
  • The loss convinced the Tsar, Alexander II, to attempt to “catch up” Russia to the rest of Western Europe
  • Resulted in Russian industrialization and liberal reforms
    -Also led to improved sanitation due to advancements made in field medicine
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14
Q

Tsar Alexander II (r. 1855-1881)

A
  • abolished serfdom in 1861
  • knew Russia was lagging behind in the Industrial Revolution
  • established zemstvos (local, county governments)
  • Emancipation Edict of 1861
  • assassinated by terrorists in 1881 (the bomb under the carriage trick)
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15
Q

The “People’s Will”

A
  • A revolutionary group who wished to abolish the tsardom
  • wanted a government that relied on popular will
  • assassinated Tsar Alexander II
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16
Q

Sergei Witte (r. 1892-1903)

A
  • Russian finance minister under Alexander III
  • built the Trans-Siberian railroad
  • saw Russia’s Industrial backwardness as a hinderance to Russia’s greatness
  • established tariffs
  • “used the west to catch the west” aka foreign investors
17
Q

Tsar Nicholas II (r. 1894-1917)

A
  • replaced Alexander III
  • considered lacking in leadership skills
  • “Bloody Sunday”
  • “October Manifesto”
  • loses the Russo-Japanese War
  • tsar during WWI
  • eventually abdicated
18
Q

“Bloody Sunday” (1905)

A
  • an event that occurred outside the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg
  • hundreds of unarmed protesters were ambushed by the Royal Guard
  • wanted a shorter working day, the right to strike, the election of a constituent assembly, and universal suffrage
  • put the tsar in a bad light
19
Q

October Manifesto (1905)

A
  • an event that occurred outside the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg
  • hundreds of unarmed protesters were ambushed by the Royal Guard
  • wanted a shorter working day, the right to strike, the election of a constituent assembly, and universal suffrage
  • put the tsar in a bad light
20
Q

Duma

A
  • Russian form of parliament
  • created by the October Manifesto (1905)
21
Q

Tanzimat

A
  • a set of reforms in the Ottoman Empire
  • designed to remake the Ottoman empire on a western European model
22
Q

The “Young Turks”

A
  • Ottoman patriots
  • seized power in a coup in 1908
  • forced the conservative sultan to implement reforms
23
Q

Reichstag

A
  • Parliamentary body created by the new German empire
  • members were elected by universal male sufferage
24
Q

Kulturkampf

A
  • Bismark’s attack on the Catholics; later the Socialists
  • it proved to be unsuccessful long term
  • ended up outlawing Socialist Democrats after two attempts on the Kaisers life
  • Catholics should be more loyal to Germany than the Pope; led to an invisible war between Bismark and Pope Pious XI
25
Q

German Social Democratic Party (SPD)

A
  • A German working class political party
  • championed Marxism, however it turned from Marxist revolutions
  • instead it worked for social and workplace reforms in German Parliament (Reichstag)
26
Q

Paris Commune (1870’s)

A
  • A German working class political party
  • championed Marxism, however it turned from Marxist revolutions
  • instead it worked for social and workplace reforms in German Parliament (Reichstag)
27
Q

Benjamin Disraeli ( 1804-1881)

A
  • conservative prime minister during the Victorian Era
  • led the conservative party to electoral reform to win votes from the working class
  • helped pass legislation to improve sanitation, workers housing, and protection for trade unions
  • served two terms as prime minister between 1868-1880
28
Q

William Gladstone (1809-1898)

A
  • liberal prime minister of Great Britain
  • proponent of the Irish Home Act
  • led the Liberal party in reforming education
  • the government took responsibility for elementary schools and reformed universities
  • helped to create competitive exams for civil service
  • served 4 terms as prime minister from 1868-1894
29
Q

Irish Home Rule Bill (1914)

A
  • a bill that gave Ireland the ability to self-rule
  • advocated for by William Gladstone
  • got delayed due to WWI
30
Q

Zionism

A
  • the movement in the 1800s to create a homeland for the Jews, preferably their traditional homeland in Palestine
  • led by Theodor(e) Herzl
31
Q

Theodore Herzl (1860-1904)

A
  • leader of the Zionist movement
  • Austrian-Hungarian Jew
  • lawyer and writer
  • supported by the English government
32
Q

Karl Lueger (r. 1897-1910)

A
  • Austrian mayor of Vienna
  • leader of the Christian Science Party
  • very anti-semitic in his public speeches
  • some of his speeches were heard by a young Adolf Hitler
33
Q

First International

A
  • founded by Marx and the Marxist socialist parties of Europe
  • aka the International Working Men’s Association
  • failed in 1876 due to internal tension
  • Marx used it to spread his doctrines
34
Q

Second International

A
  • a federation of national socialist parties
  • established May Day which was an annual one-strike
  • had a permanent executive and met every 3 years to interpret Marxist doctrines and plan revolts
  • feared by the elites and the conservative middle class
35
Q

Revisionism

A
  • an effort by the socialists to update Marx’s doctrines to reflect the late 19th century
36
Q

Dreyfus Affair

A
  • the French government accused a Jewish military officer of selling military secrets to the Germans
  • Alfred Dreyfus was found guilty of treason and sent to prison
  • it divided the country as many thought he was innocent
  • After a re-trial, he was found innocent on all charges. He had been framed.

AP European History (16 decks)

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