ID List Chapter 21 - Ideologies and Upheavals

Question 1

Congress of Vienna

Answer 1

• consisted of the Quadruple Alliance: Prussia, Russia, Austria, and Britain
• attempted to restore the balance of power and contain the danger of revolutionary or nationalistic upheavals

Question 2

Quadruple Assignment

Answer 2

• Consisted of Prussia, Russia, Austria, and Britain

Question 3

“Congress System”

Answer 3

• members of the Quadruple Alliance would meet periodically to discuss their common interests
• lasted all through the 19th century
• settled many international crises peacefully through diplomacy

Question 4

Prince Klemens von Metternich

Answer 4

• Austrian foreign minister
• dominated Great Power discussions at the Congress of Vienna
• defended the monarchical status quo
• the spokesperson for Conservatism

Question 5

Holy Alliance

Answer 5

• formed by the conservative rulers of Austria, Prussia, and Russia
• became a symbol of the repression of liberal and revolutionary movements throughout Europe

Question 6

Alexander I (r. 1801-1825)

Answer 6

• Tsar of Russia
• Spokesperson for Conservatism
• part of the Holy Alliance

Question 7

Karlsbad Decrees (1819)

Answer 7

• a set of repressive regulations
• designed to uphold Metternich’s conservatism
• required the German states to root out subversive ideas and squelch any liberal organizations

Question 8

Simon Bolivar (1783-1830)

Answer 8

• Leader for independence
• defeated Spanish forces in South America
• liberated Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia.

Question 9

Conservatism

Answer 9

• aka “reactionary conservatism”
• “Conserving the past and cultivating tradition would ensure an orderly future.”
• government intervention in the economy
• supported by the monarchy
• appealed to the nobility and upper classes

Question 10

Liberalism

Answer 10

• Enlightenment values of rationalization and freedom of the individual
• encouraged republics or constitutional monarchies
• wanted a secular state with free speech and free press
• Laissez- faire economics, anti-tarrifs
• appealed to the bourgeoisie and upper middle class

Question 11

Classical Liberalism

Answer 11

• a term given to the philosophy of John Locke and other 17th and 18th century advocates of the protection of individual rights and liberties by limiting government power

Question 12

Nationalism

Answer 12

• Term used to describe aspirations for national independence or unification
• Nationalists believed that true nations shared a common: history, language, enemy, culture, religion, and geographic area

Question 13

Socialism

Answer 13

• A backlash against the emergence of individualism and the fragmentation of industrial society
• created to appeal to the working class
• created as a response to the industrial capitalist system
• criticized the unequal distribution of property and means of production
• state regulation of production and property
• co-operation over competition
• Utopianism is a subtype of Socialism

Question 14

Count Henri de Saint-Simon (1760-1825)

Answer 14

• French Utopian Socialist
• the key to progress was proper social organization that required the “parasites” of the court to give way to the “doers”
• the “doers” would then carefully plan the economy and guide it forward by undertaking public works projects
• every social institution should have its main goal be improved conditions for the poor

Question 15

Charles Fourier (1772-1837)

Answer 15

• French Utopian Socialist
• called for the construction of mathematically precise, self-sufficient communities called “phalanxes”
• in each phalanx, all property is owned by the community and used for the common good

Question 16

Robert Owen (1771-1858)

Answer 16

• Scottish Utopian Industrialist
• campaigned for child labor laws
• encouraged unions
• set up model, self-sufficient communities to show that it was possible to be friendly to workers and still make a profit
• New Lanark, Scotland, and New Harmony, Indiana, US

Question 17

Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (1809-1865)

Answer 17

• French Anarchist
• thought that all states should be abolished and society should be made up of loose associations of working people
• property is theft

Question 18

Louis Blanc (1811-1882)

Answer 18

• French politician, writer, and socialist
• wrote the “Organization of Labor” in 1840
• Cooperative workshops owned by the state
• This would end competition, which he despised
• It would allow workers to control their own livelihoods
• “From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs”

Question 19

Marxism

Answer 19

• based on the ideas of Karl Marx
• called for a working-class revolution to overthrow capitalist society and establish a communist state
• Communism: an extreme form of socialism in which “all people” own the means of production as the state “withers away” and produces a classless society
• Poverty and desperation drive MASSES of workers (proletariat) to seize control of the government and the means of production, destroy the capitalist system, wage a VIOLENT REVOLUTION, and establish a “dictatorship of the proletariat”

Question 20

Capital (1867)

Answer 20

-written by Karl Marx
- it introduced his socialist theories

Question 21

Proletariat

Answer 21

• the industrial working class
• were unfairly exploited by the profit-seeking bourgeoise
• term coined by Marx
• the target audience of Communism/Marxism

Question 22

The Communist Manifesto (1848)

Answer 22

• published by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
• it explained their communist ideals and set the foundation for future communist movements

Question 23

Romanticism

Answer 23

-Began in response to the prevailing rationalism and reason of the Enlightenment
- Further advanced by the horrors of the rationalists’ reforms of and terror of the French Revolution and the ugliness and brutality of the Industrial Revolution
- Expressed in literature, religion, architecture, music, painting, poetry, and philosophy
- valued emotion, intuition, nature, nationalism, religion, and the uniqueness of individuals

Question 24

The English Romantic Poets (list)

Answer 24

• Lord Byron
• William Wordsworth
• Percy Bysshe Shelley
• John Keats
• William Blake
• Samuel Taylor Coleridge
• Sir Walter Scott

Question 25

Victor Hugo (1802-1885)

Answer 25

• Son of a Napoleonic general
• wrote The Hunchback of Notre Dame
• known for his heavily romantic and powerful novels

Question 26

Jacob and William Grimm

Answer 26

• German brothers and authors
• rescued German fairy tales that were falling into oblivion

Question 27

Eugene Delacroix (1798-1863)

Answer 27

• One of Romanticism’s greatest artists
• known for his colorful, dramatic scenes
• “Liberty Leading the People”

Question 28

Judwig van Beethoven (1770-1827)

Answer 28

• German Romantic Composer
• known for his 9 symphonies
• also known for his for his contrasting themes and tones which produced dramatic conflict and inspiring resolutions

Question 29

Lord Byron (1788-1824)

Answer 29

• poet in the romantic period
• scandalous private life
  -rejected old traditions, liberal