ID List Chapter 21 - Ideologies and Upheavals Flashcards
1
Q
Congress of Vienna
A
- consisted of the Quadruple Alliance: Prussia, Russia, Austria, and Britain
- attempted to restore the balance of power and contain the danger of revolutionary or nationalistic upheavals
2
Q
Quadruple Assignment
A
- Consisted of Prussia, Russia, Austria, and Britain
3
Q
“Congress System”
A
- members of the Quadruple Alliance would meet periodically to discuss their common interests
- lasted all through the 19th century
- settled many international crises peacefully through diplomacy
4
Q
Prince Klemens von Metternich
A
- Austrian foreign minister
- dominated Great Power discussions at the Congress of Vienna
- defended the monarchical status quo
- the spokesperson for Conservatism
5
Q
Holy Alliance
A
- formed by the conservative rulers of Austria, Prussia, and Russia
- became a symbol of the repression of liberal and revolutionary movements throughout Europe
6
Q
Alexander I (r. 1801-1825)
A
- Tsar of Russia
- Spokesperson for Conservatism
- part of the Holy Alliance
7
Q
Karlsbad Decrees (1819)
A
- a set of repressive regulations
- designed to uphold Metternich’s conservatism
- required the German states to root out subversive ideas and squelch any liberal organizations
8
Q
Simon Bolivar (1783-1830)
A
- Leader for independence
- defeated Spanish forces in South America
- liberated Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia.
9
Q
Conservatism
A
- aka “reactionary conservatism”
- “Conserving the past and cultivating tradition would ensure an orderly future.”
- government intervention in the economy
- supported by the monarchy
- appealed to the nobility and upper classes
10
Q
Liberalism
A
- Enlightenment values of rationalization and freedom of the individual
- encouraged republics or constitutional monarchies
- wanted a secular state with free speech and free press
- Laissez- faire economics, anti-tarrifs
- appealed to the bourgeoisie and upper middle class
11
Q
Classical Liberalism
A
- a term given to the philosophy of John Locke and other 17th and 18th century advocates of the protection of individual rights and liberties by limiting government power
12
Q
Nationalism
A
- Term used to describe aspirations for national independence or unification
- Nationalists believed that true nations shared a common: history, language, enemy, culture, religion, and geographic area
13
Q
Socialism
A
- A backlash against the emergence of individualism and the fragmentation of industrial society
- created to appeal to the working class
- created as a response to the industrial capitalist system
- criticized the unequal distribution of property and means of production
- state regulation of production and property
- co-operation over competition
- Utopianism is a subtype of Socialism
14
Q
Count Henri de Saint-Simon (1760-1825)
A
- French Utopian Socialist
- the key to progress was proper social organization that required the “parasites” of the court to give way to the “doers”
- the “doers” would then carefully plan the economy and guide it forward by undertaking public works projects
- every social institution should have its main goal be improved conditions for the poor
15
Q
Charles Fourier (1772-1837)
A
- French Utopian Socialist
- called for the construction of mathematically precise, self-sufficient communities called “phalanxes”
- in each phalanx, all property is owned by the community and used for the common good
16
Q
Robert Owen (1771-1858)
A
- Scottish Utopian Industrialist
- campaigned for child labor laws
- encouraged unions
- set up model, self-sufficient communities to show that it was possible to be friendly to workers and still make a profit
- New Lanark, Scotland, and New Harmony, Indiana, US
17
Q
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (1809-1865)
A
- French Anarchist
- thought that all states should be abolished and society should be made up of loose associations of working people
- property is theft
18
Q
Louis Blanc (1811-1882)
A
- French politician, writer, and socialist
- wrote the “Organization of Labor” in 1840
- Cooperative workshops owned by the state
- This would end competition, which he despised
- It would allow workers to control their own livelihoods
- “From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs”
19
Q
Marxism
A
- based on the ideas of Karl Marx
- called for a working-class revolution to overthrow capitalist society and establish a communist state
- Communism: an extreme form of socialism in which “all people” own the means of production as the state “withers away” and produces a classless society
- Poverty and desperation drive MASSES of workers (proletariat) to seize control of the government and the means of production, destroy the capitalist system, wage a VIOLENT REVOLUTION, and establish a “dictatorship of the proletariat”
20
Q
Capital (1867)
A
-written by Karl Marx
- it introduced his socialist theories
21
Q
Proletariat
A
- the industrial working class
- were unfairly exploited by the profit-seeking bourgeoise
- term coined by Marx
- the target audience of Communism/Marxism
22
Q
The Communist Manifesto (1848)
A
- published by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
- it explained their communist ideals and set the foundation for future communist movements
23
Q
Romanticism
A
-Began in response to the prevailing rationalism and reason of the Enlightenment
- Further advanced by the horrors of the rationalists’ reforms of and terror of the French Revolution and the ugliness and brutality of the Industrial Revolution
- Expressed in literature, religion, architecture, music, painting, poetry, and philosophy
- valued emotion, intuition, nature, nationalism, religion, and the uniqueness of individuals
24
Q
The English Romantic Poets (list)
A
- Lord Byron
- William Wordsworth
- Percy Bysshe Shelley
- John Keats
- William Blake
- Samuel Taylor Coleridge
- Sir Walter Scott
25
Q
Victor Hugo (1802-1885)
A
- Son of a Napoleonic general
- wrote The Hunchback of Notre Dame
- known for his heavily romantic and powerful novels
26
Q
Jacob and William Grimm
A
- German brothers and authors
- rescued German fairy tales that were falling into oblivion
27
Q
Eugene Delacroix (1798-1863)
A
- One of Romanticism’s greatest artists
- known for his colorful, dramatic scenes
- “Liberty Leading the People”
28
Q
Judwig van Beethoven (1770-1827)
A
- German Romantic Composer
- known for his 9 symphonies
- also known for his for his contrasting themes and tones which produced dramatic conflict and inspiring resolutions
29
Q
Lord Byron (1788-1824)
A
- poet in the romantic period
- scandalous private life
-rejected old traditions, liberal
