ID List Chapter 21 - Ideologies and Upheavals Flashcards

1
Q

Congress of Vienna

A
  • consisted of the Quadruple Alliance: Prussia, Russia, Austria, and Britain
  • attempted to restore the balance of power and contain the danger of revolutionary or nationalistic upheavals
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2
Q

Quadruple Assignment

A
  • Consisted of Prussia, Russia, Austria, and Britain
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3
Q

“Congress System”

A
  • members of the Quadruple Alliance would meet periodically to discuss their common interests
  • lasted all through the 19th century
  • settled many international crises peacefully through diplomacy
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4
Q

Prince Klemens von Metternich

A
  • Austrian foreign minister
  • dominated Great Power discussions at the Congress of Vienna
  • defended the monarchical status quo
  • the spokesperson for Conservatism
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5
Q

Holy Alliance

A
  • formed by the conservative rulers of Austria, Prussia, and Russia
  • became a symbol of the repression of liberal and revolutionary movements throughout Europe
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6
Q

Alexander I (r. 1801-1825)

A
  • Tsar of Russia
  • Spokesperson for Conservatism
  • part of the Holy Alliance
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7
Q

Karlsbad Decrees (1819)

A
  • a set of repressive regulations
  • designed to uphold Metternich’s conservatism
  • required the German states to root out subversive ideas and squelch any liberal organizations
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8
Q

Simon Bolivar (1783-1830)

A
  • Leader for independence
  • defeated Spanish forces in South America
  • liberated Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia.
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9
Q

Conservatism

A
  • aka “reactionary conservatism”
  • “Conserving the past and cultivating tradition would ensure an orderly future.”
  • government intervention in the economy
  • supported by the monarchy
  • appealed to the nobility and upper classes
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10
Q

Liberalism

A
  • Enlightenment values of rationalization and freedom of the individual
  • encouraged republics or constitutional monarchies
  • wanted a secular state with free speech and free press
  • Laissez- faire economics, anti-tarrifs
  • appealed to the bourgeoisie and upper middle class
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11
Q

Classical Liberalism

A
  • a term given to the philosophy of John Locke and other 17th and 18th century advocates of the protection of individual rights and liberties by limiting government power
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12
Q

Nationalism

A
  • Term used to describe aspirations for national independence or unification
  • Nationalists believed that true nations shared a common: history, language, enemy, culture, religion, and geographic area
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13
Q

Socialism

A
  • A backlash against the emergence of individualism and the fragmentation of industrial society
  • created to appeal to the working class
  • created as a response to the industrial capitalist system
  • criticized the unequal distribution of property and means of production
  • state regulation of production and property
  • co-operation over competition
  • Utopianism is a subtype of Socialism
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14
Q

Count Henri de Saint-Simon (1760-1825)

A
  • French Utopian Socialist
  • the key to progress was proper social organization that required the “parasites” of the court to give way to the “doers”
  • the “doers” would then carefully plan the economy and guide it forward by undertaking public works projects
  • every social institution should have its main goal be improved conditions for the poor
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15
Q

Charles Fourier (1772-1837)

A
  • French Utopian Socialist
  • called for the construction of mathematically precise, self-sufficient communities called “phalanxes”
  • in each phalanx, all property is owned by the community and used for the common good
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16
Q

Robert Owen (1771-1858)

A
  • Scottish Utopian Industrialist
  • campaigned for child labor laws
  • encouraged unions
  • set up model, self-sufficient communities to show that it was possible to be friendly to workers and still make a profit
  • New Lanark, Scotland, and New Harmony, Indiana, US
17
Q

Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (1809-1865)

A
  • French Anarchist
  • thought that all states should be abolished and society should be made up of loose associations of working people
  • property is theft
18
Q

Louis Blanc (1811-1882)

A
  • French politician, writer, and socialist
  • wrote the “Organization of Labor” in 1840
  • Cooperative workshops owned by the state
  • This would end competition, which he despised
  • It would allow workers to control their own livelihoods
  • “From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs”
19
Q

Marxism

A
  • based on the ideas of Karl Marx
  • called for a working-class revolution to overthrow capitalist society and establish a communist state
  • Communism: an extreme form of socialism in which “all people” own the means of production as the state “withers away” and produces a classless society
  • Poverty and desperation drive MASSES of workers (proletariat) to seize control of the government and the means of production, destroy the capitalist system, wage a VIOLENT REVOLUTION, and establish a “dictatorship of the proletariat”
20
Q

Capital (1867)

A

-written by Karl Marx
- it introduced his socialist theories

21
Q

Proletariat

A
  • the industrial working class
  • were unfairly exploited by the profit-seeking bourgeoise
  • term coined by Marx
  • the target audience of Communism/Marxism
22
Q

The Communist Manifesto (1848)

A
  • published by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
  • it explained their communist ideals and set the foundation for future communist movements
23
Q

Romanticism

A

-Began in response to the prevailing rationalism and reason of the Enlightenment
- Further advanced by the horrors of the rationalists’ reforms of and terror of the French Revolution and the ugliness and brutality of the Industrial Revolution
- Expressed in literature, religion, architecture, music, painting, poetry, and philosophy
- valued emotion, intuition, nature, nationalism, religion, and the uniqueness of individuals

24
Q

The English Romantic Poets (list)

A
  • Lord Byron
  • William Wordsworth
  • Percy Bysshe Shelley
  • John Keats
  • William Blake
  • Samuel Taylor Coleridge
  • Sir Walter Scott
25
Q

Victor Hugo (1802-1885)

A
  • Son of a Napoleonic general
  • wrote The Hunchback of Notre Dame
  • known for his heavily romantic and powerful novels
26
Q

Jacob and William Grimm

A
  • German brothers and authors
  • rescued German fairy tales that were falling into oblivion
27
Q

Eugene Delacroix (1798-1863)

A
  • One of Romanticism’s greatest artists
  • known for his colorful, dramatic scenes
  • “Liberty Leading the People”
28
Q

Judwig van Beethoven (1770-1827)

A
  • German Romantic Composer
  • known for his 9 symphonies
  • also known for his for his contrasting themes and tones which produced dramatic conflict and inspiring resolutions
29
Q

Lord Byron (1788-1824)

A
  • poet in the romantic period
  • scandalous private life
    -rejected old traditions, liberal