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PR3154 > IC2 > Flashcards

IC2 Flashcards

1
Q

What does blood consist of?

A

Plasma, WBC, RBC

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2
Q

What is Pernicious anaemia caused by

A

Lack of vit B12/ intrinsic factor

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3
Q

Types of anemia

A

Nutritional, renal, aplastic, haemorrhage, malaria, sickle cell, erythroblastosis fetalis

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4
Q

Causes of polycythemia (excess RBC)

A
  • Primary: tumour in bone marrow
  • Secondary: erythropoietin-induced, adaptive mechanism to improve oxygen carrying capacity of blood e.g. in high altitude
  • Other: dehydration
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5
Q

different types and causes of stroke

A

1) Haemorrhage (caused by blood vessel rupture in brain)
2) Ischemic stroke (caused by clot in cerebral blood vessel)

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6
Q

Is fibrinogen a protein?

A

Yes

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7
Q

Is platelet a complete cell?

A

No, it is a cell fragment

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8
Q

How to find haematocrit

A

RBC/ total blood volume

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9
Q

1 RBC transports around ____ O2 molecules

A

10^9

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10
Q

Is heme a protein?

A

No, it is a pigment

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11
Q

Each Hb molecule can transport _____ molecules of O2

A

four

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12
Q

Hb bound to CO2 is known as Deoxyhemoglobin (T/F)

A

False. It is known as carbaminohemoglobin

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13
Q

Place of erythropoiesis: < 5 y/o

A

All bone marrow

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14
Q

Place of erythropoiesis: 5 - 20 years

A

bone marrow in ribs, sternum, vertebrae, proximal ends of long bones.

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15
Q

Place of erythropoiesis: > 20y/o

A

bone marrow in ribs, sternum, vertebrae

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16
Q

Erythropoiesis is Controlled by____ which is produced in the _____.

A

Erythropoietin; kidney

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17
Q

Erythropoietin release and RBC production are regulated by _____.

A

tissue oxygenation

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18
Q

Erythropoietin release by the kidneys is triggered by?

A
  • Low RBCs
  • Low O2
  • Incr tissue demand for O2
  • Reduced blood flow to kidney
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19
Q

Erythropoietin is secreted by the kidneys only. (T/F)

A

False, it is 90% secreted by kidney & 10% by liver

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20
Q

Why do men have higher RBC count than women?

A

Androgen (found in men) enhances erythropoiesis

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21
Q

______count is indicative of erythropoiesis.

A

Reticulocyte (pre-RBC)

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22
Q

Destruction of RBC: what happens to iron?

A

Stored in liver, or reused in bone marrow

23
Q

Destruction of RBC: what happens to globin?

A

Globin is metabolized into amino acids and is released into the circulation

24
Q

What determines blood viscosity

A

RBC concentration

25
Q

Corpuscular means ____

A

RBC

26
Q

High red cell distribution width indicates ___

A

Anaemia (due to variation in sizes of RBC)

27
Q

Leukocytosis mean high/ low WBC?

A

High; opposite of leukopenia (low WBC)

28
Q

Difference btw leukemia and lymphoma

A

Both are cancers of WBC, but leukemia is located in blood while lymphoma is located in lymphatic system

29
Q

Do platelets contain nucleus and ogranelles?

A

No nucleus, but have organelles

30
Q

Which factor is the fibrin stabilising factor?

A

factor XIIIa (13a)

31
Q

Role of factor XIIIa

A

Forms cross-links btw fibrin strands, thereby reinforcing fibrin mesh

32
Q

Role of thrombin

A
  • Activates factor XIII into XIIIa
  • Converts fibrinogen into fibrin
33
Q

What converts prothrombin into thrombin?

A

Factor Xa, with presence of Ca2+ and factor Va

34
Q

Extrinsic pathway: What happens after tissue damage?

A

Damaged tissue releases tissue factor/ plasminogen which activates factor VII into factor VIIa

35
Q

Intrinsic pathway: order of coagulation cascade (clotting factors)

A

Factor 12,11,9,10

36
Q

Calcium is factor ___

A

IV

37
Q

Thrombin is factor ___

A

IIa

38
Q

Most clotting factors are derived from the ___

A

liver

39
Q

______, a prostaglandin produced by intact endothelial cells, inhibits platelet activation and limits spread of blood clotting

A

Prostacyclin

40
Q

How does fibrinolysis occur

A

Surrounding tissue and vascular endothelial cells release tissue plasminogen activator -> cleaves plasminogen (trapped in clot) to plasmin

Plasmin digests fibrin, dissolving the clot. Macrophages remove remains of clot.

41
Q

What is haemophilia? Which gender is more prevalent?

A

Excessive bleeding after injury; Men as it is a X-linked condition

42
Q

Which hemophilia (A-C) is the most prevalent, and what is it caused by?

A

A; deficiency in factor VIII (8)

43
Q

Haemophilia B is caused by deficiency of factor ____

A

IX

44
Q

Haemophilia C is caused by deficiency of factor ___

A

XI

45
Q

Cause of Thrombocytopenia

A

damage / destruction of bone marrow

46
Q

Treatment for thrombocytopenia

A

Treated with fresh whole blood transfusions or platelet transfusions.

47
Q

PTT is known as ___

A

partial thromboplastin time

48
Q

PTT is used to monitor ____therapy

A

heparin

49
Q

PT (prothrombin time) is used to monitor ___ therapy

A

Warfarin

50
Q

PTT measures efficacy of the _______

A

intrinsic and the common coagulation pathways

51
Q

PT measures efficacy of the ______

A

extrinsic and common pathways

52
Q

Factors included in PPT

A

Factor 1,2,5, 8-12

53
Q

Factors included in PT

A

Factor 1,2,5, 7&10

54
Q

INR formula

A

Ratio of patient PT to the PT of a healthy person

PR3154 (19 decks)

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