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IC1 eL Flashcards

1
Q

Possible source of normal flora

A
  • Maternal genital tract
  • Skin
  • Mouth and pharynx
  • Air-borne organisms
  • Environment & food
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2
Q

Normal sterile sites

A
  • CNS
  • CVS
  • Lower respiratory tract
  • Bone, Joint
  • Genitourinary tract, except urethra & vagina
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3
Q

Common pathogens for bacterial meningitis

A
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae
  • Neisseria meningitidis
  • Haemophilus influenzae
  • Streptococcus agalactiae
  • Listeria monocytogenes
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4
Q

Common pathogens for sinusitis

A
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae
  • Haemophilus influenzae
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5
Q

Common pathogens for otitis media

A
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae
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6
Q

Common pathogens for community-acquired pneumonia

A
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae
  • Haemophilus influenzae
  • Staphylococcus aureus
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7
Q

3 categories of community-acquired pneumonia

A
  • Community acquired
  • Atypical
  • Tuberculosis
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8
Q

Common pathogens for sexually transmitted diseases

A
  • Chlamydia trachomatis
  • Neisseria gonorrhoea
  • Treponema pallidum
  • Ureaplasma urealyticum
  • Haemophilus ducreyi
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9
Q

Common pathogens for Upper resp tract infection

A
  • Streptococcus pyogenes
  • Haemophilus influenzae
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10
Q

Common pathogens for urinary tract infection

A
  • E. coli
  • other Enterobacteriaceae
  • Staph. saprophyticus
  • Pseudomonas aeruginosa
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11
Q

6 types of lab diagnostics

A
  1. Microscopy e.g. gram stain, acid-fast
  2. Culture e.g. broth/ agar/ growth condition
  3. Biochemistry e.g. specific nutrients/ enzymes
  4. Serologic/ immunologic diagnostics e.g. to detect antigen/ antibodies
  5. Molecular/ nucleic acid-based diagnostics e.g. PCR
  6. Mass spectrometry
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12
Q

Usual timeline from specimen collection to identification, culture and susceptibility results

A

Day 1: Gram stain
Day 2-3: Culture bacteria
Day 3-4: Identify bacteria & AST

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13
Q

Macroscopic appearance for Pseudomonas aeruginosa

A

blue-green colonies, grape-like odour

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14
Q

Macroscopic appearance for Staphylococcus aureus

A

golden colonies

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15
Q

What is MacConkey’s Agar used for?

A

To isolate gram negative enteric bacteria and differentiates lactose fermenting and non-lactose fermenting gram negative bacteria.

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16
Q

Colour for lactose vs non-lactose fermenting colonies

A

Lactose: Pink
Non-lactose: Colourless

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17
Q

Examples of lactose fermenting colonies

A
  • E.coli
  • Enterobacter spp.
  • Klebsiella spp.
18
Q

Which streptococcus causes complete haemolysis?

A

beta-haemolytic streptococcus

19
Q

Which streptococcus causes partial haemolysis?

A

alpha-haemolytic streptococcus

20
Q

Which streptococcus causes no haemolysis?

A

gamma-haemolytic streptococcus

21
Q

Example of gram positive cocci in clusters

A

Staphylococcus spp

22
Q

Example of Gram positive diplococcus

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

23
Q

Example of Gram positive cocci in chains

A

Streptococcus

24
Q

Example of Gram negative rod

25
Colour for gram-negative and gram-positive
Gram-positive: Purple Gram-negative: Pink
26
Key steps in gram stain
1. Fixation 2. Crystal violet 3. Iodine treatment 4. Decolourisation 5. Colour stain with Safranin
27
Examples of non-fermenters
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumanii
28
What do fermenters mean?
refers to ability to ferment sugar/carbohydrate
29
Which bacteria would test catalase +ve?
Staphylococcus
30
How to differentiate btw S. aureus and S. epidermidis?
Coagulase test. - Coagulase +ve staphylococcus (S. aureus) - Coagulase –ve staphylococcus (S. epidermidis)
31
Observation for a coagulase -ve test
Bacteria remain dispersed and no clumping
31
How to differentiate btw P. aeruginosa and E. coli?
Oxidase test. Oxidase +ve GNR (eg P. aeruginosa) Vs Oxidase -ve GNR (eg E. coli)
32
Observation for oxidase +ve result
Purple colour appears
32
Principles of Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)
The lowest concentration of an antimicrobial that prevents visible growth of an organism
33
How is MIC determined?
Carry out agar e.g. E-test/ broth dilution test
34
Another method for AST apart from MIC
Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method
35
How is the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method carried out?
- organism is streaked onto the agar - Antibiotics are added to the plate - incubate - zone of inhibition observed is used to determine susceptibility Diameter of zone of inhibition corresponds/ correlates with antimicrobial activity
36
What are breakpoints?
Critical concentrations which predict susceptibility/resistance (interpretive criteria for S,I,R)
37
MIC > breakpoint -> S/ I/ R?
R
38
MICs of different drugs against a particular organism are not directly comparable (Y/N)
Y
39
Lowest MIC on a AST report indicate the best treatment option. (Y/N)
not necessarily

3151 (17 decks)

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