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3151 > IC1 eL > Flashcards

IC1 eL Flashcards

1
Q

Possible source of normal flora

A
  • Maternal genital tract
  • Skin
  • Mouth and pharynx
  • Air-borne organisms
  • Environment & food
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2
Q

Normal sterile sites

A
  • CNS
  • CVS
  • Lower respiratory tract
  • Bone, Joint
  • Genitourinary tract, except urethra & vagina
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3
Q

Common pathogens for bacterial meningitis

A
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae
  • Neisseria meningitidis
  • Haemophilus influenzae
  • Streptococcus agalactiae
  • Listeria monocytogenes
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4
Q

Common pathogens for sinusitis

A
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae
  • Haemophilus influenzae
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5
Q

Common pathogens for otitis media

A
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae
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6
Q

Common pathogens for community-acquired pneumonia

A
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae
  • Haemophilus influenzae
  • Staphylococcus aureus
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7
Q

3 categories of community-acquired pneumonia

A
  • Community acquired
  • Atypical
  • Tuberculosis
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8
Q

Common pathogens for sexually transmitted diseases

A
  • Chlamydia trachomatis
  • Neisseria gonorrhoea
  • Treponema pallidum
  • Ureaplasma urealyticum
  • Haemophilus ducreyi
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9
Q

Common pathogens for Upper resp tract infection

A
  • Streptococcus pyogenes
  • Haemophilus influenzae
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10
Q

Common pathogens for urinary tract infection

A
  • E. coli
  • other Enterobacteriaceae
  • Staph. saprophyticus
  • Pseudomonas aeruginosa
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11
Q

6 types of lab diagnostics

A
  1. Microscopy e.g. gram stain, acid-fast
  2. Culture e.g. broth/ agar/ growth condition
  3. Biochemistry e.g. specific nutrients/ enzymes
  4. Serologic/ immunologic diagnostics e.g. to detect antigen/ antibodies
  5. Molecular/ nucleic acid-based diagnostics e.g. PCR
  6. Mass spectrometry
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12
Q

Usual timeline from specimen collection to identification, culture and susceptibility results

A

Day 1: Gram stain
Day 2-3: Culture bacteria
Day 3-4: Identify bacteria & AST

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13
Q

Macroscopic appearance for Pseudomonas aeruginosa

A

blue-green colonies, grape-like odour

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14
Q

Macroscopic appearance for Staphylococcus aureus

A

golden colonies

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15
Q

What is MacConkey’s Agar used for?

A

To isolate gram negative enteric bacteria and differentiates lactose fermenting and non-lactose fermenting gram negative bacteria.

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16
Q

Colour for lactose vs non-lactose fermenting colonies

A

Lactose: Pink
Non-lactose: Colourless

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17
Q

Examples of lactose fermenting colonies

A
  • E.coli
  • Enterobacter spp.
  • Klebsiella spp.
18
Q

Which streptococcus causes complete haemolysis?

A

beta-haemolytic streptococcus

19
Q

Which streptococcus causes partial haemolysis?

A

alpha-haemolytic streptococcus

20
Q

Which streptococcus causes no haemolysis?

A

gamma-haemolytic streptococcus

21
Q

Example of gram positive cocci in clusters

A

Staphylococcus spp

22
Q

Example of Gram positive diplococcus

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

23
Q

Example of Gram positive cocci in chains

A

Streptococcus

24
Q

Example of Gram negative rod

A

E. coli

25
Q

Colour for gram-negative and gram-positive

A

Gram-positive: Purple
Gram-negative: Pink

26
Q

Key steps in gram stain

A
  1. Fixation
  2. Crystal violet
  3. Iodine treatment
  4. Decolourisation
  5. Colour stain with Safranin
27
Q

Examples of non-fermenters

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumanii

28
Q

What do fermenters mean?

A

refers to ability to ferment sugar/carbohydrate

29
Q

Which bacteria would test catalase +ve?

A

Staphylococcus

30
Q

How to differentiate btw S. aureus and S. epidermidis?

A

Coagulase test.
- Coagulase +ve staphylococcus (S. aureus)
- Coagulase –ve staphylococcus (S. epidermidis)

31
Q

Observation for a coagulase -ve test

A

Bacteria remain dispersed and no clumping

31
Q

How to differentiate btw P. aeruginosa and E. coli?

A

Oxidase test.

Oxidase +ve GNR (eg P. aeruginosa) Vs
Oxidase -ve GNR (eg E. coli)

32
Q

Observation for oxidase +ve result

A

Purple colour appears

32
Q

Principles of Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)

A

The lowest concentration of an antimicrobial that prevents visible growth of an organism

33
Q

How is MIC determined?

A

Carry out agar e.g. E-test/ broth dilution test

34
Q

Another method for AST apart from MIC

A

Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method

35
Q

How is the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method carried out?

A
  • organism is streaked onto the agar
  • Antibiotics are added to the plate
  • incubate
  • zone of inhibition observed is used to determine susceptibility

Diameter of zone of inhibition corresponds/ correlates with antimicrobial activity

36
Q

What are breakpoints?

A

Critical concentrations which predict susceptibility/resistance (interpretive criteria for S,I,R)

37
Q

MIC > breakpoint -> S/ I/ R?

A

R

38
Q

MICs of different drugs against a particular organism are not directly comparable (Y/N)

A

Y

39
Q

Lowest MIC on a AST report indicate the best treatment option. (Y/N)

A

not necessarily

3151 (17 decks)

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