I Have A Dream Flashcards
Earl Warren
14th chief justice of the united states
liberal
revolutionary in the supreme court and made sure many of the major supreme courts rulings on major civil rights legislation were unanimous to strengthen the case
brown v board of education date and case and ruling
1954
case brought by NAACP and Thurgood marshall
Brown’s daughter had to walk six blocks to her school bus stop to ride to Monroe Elementary, her segregated black school one mile away, while Sumner Elementary, a white school, was seven blocks from her house
overturned Plessy precedent of separate but equal
even if facilities were equal, it was psychologically harmful
unanimous 9-0 decision
when and why did brown 2 happen
1955
brown 1 set no time frame for integrating schools
brown 2 declared it had to be carried out ‘with all deliberate speed’
sweat v painter
1950
ordered a $3 million upgrade for Prairie view university, texas (black university) as facilities weren’t equal to the white university
Browder v Gayle
1956
segregation on public transport within cities unconstitutional
Boynton v Virginia
1960
segregated bus depots were illegal
Bailey v Patterson
1962
legal segregation on interstate public transport was unconstitutional
little rock
by 1956 not one public school in the south had been integrated
1957 central high school, little rock, Arkansas integrated
9 a/a students carefully selected
faced huge violence and verbal aggression
resulted in direct action by President Eisenhower as he had to deploy 1000 of the 101st airborne division to get the kids inside the school
Melba Pattillo
one of the little rock nine
was inspired by the ‘self-assured air’ of Thurgood marshall
was pushed down the stairs + had burning paper and chemicals thrown in her face
when older said she couldn’t believe NAACP had put them in such a position
wrote a book afterwards ‘Warriors Don’t Cry’
when was the Montgomery bus boycott and which boycott before it had failed
1956
baton rouge boycott before it had failed so needed this to succeed
spark that set of Montgomery bus boycott
Rosa Parks, Montgomery, Alabama - NAACP activist
I white man standing so driver asks four black passengers to stand as they couldn’t sit parallel
Rosa parks refused to move
E.D. Nixon took up her case
how boycott worked
blacks boycotted the buses which destroyed businesses as a/a weren’t able to shop where they used to and the bus company’s profits slumped
Martin luther King led the boycott and this helped his rise to fame
MIA = Montgomery improvement association set up to help blacks (eg offered alternative lifts)
381 days bus company had to buckle
SCLC what does it stand for, aims and when
southern Christian leadership conference
advance the civil rights movement in a non-violent manner
1957
SCLC failure
1961-2 Albany, Georgia
protest against racially discrimination - not enough media coverage and so was quietly dealt with
SCLC birmingham
Birmingham, Alabama 1963
non-violent protested over discrimination
Bull Connor sent police in who violently ended the protest
MLK ‘a letter from a Birmingham jail’
businesses offered some desegregation
March on Washington when who how many why
28th august 1963
organised by SCLC
250,000 people
to march in protest of a/a civil rights
result of march on washinton
I have a dream speech
JFK announces on tv new civil rights bill
who had tried a march on Washington before and when
A. Philip Randolf
1941 but FDR stopped after negotiations
SNCC
what does it stand for
date
Student non-violence co-ordinating committee
1960
SNCC first campaign
1st February 1960
4 a/a students Greensboro, north Carolina
sat at white lunch counter of woolworths and wouldn’t move till they had been served
inspired copycat protests across the south between February and april
media publicity
led to the desegregation of lunch counters across the south
CORE
when what does it stand for
established 1942 Chicago
congress of racial equality
freedom rides
CORE
1961
4 white and 4 black students took interstate buses from Virginia to Mississippi
were attacked and beaten along the way (eg at Jackson Mississippi
televised coverage
RFK issued orders to enforce racial segregation on interstate busses
civil rights act
after Birmingham and march on Washington JFK announced CRA
was assassinated November 1964
taken up by LBJ in memory of JFK
had to break a 57 day filibuster by southern democrats
gave federal tools to end de jure segregation and furthered school desegregation
voting rights act
1965
much easier to pass than CRA
king’s Selma campaign + bloody sunday 7th march 1965 + election landslide 1964 + freedom summer 1964 = conditions for VRA
by 1966 only 4 of southern states had less than 50% of a/a registered to vote
number of a/a elected to office in south between 1965-1969 increased six fold
divisions in the civil rights movement
black power Malcolm X NOI black panthers Meredith march
Meredith march
june 1966
Meredith was the first a/a in university of Mississippi
marched from Memphis to Jackson to encourage a/a to register to vote
shot on the second day
black organisations took over
NAACP = support of the CR bill
SNCC = militant and anti-white participation
MLK = freedom and pro white participation
competing chants of ‘black power’ vs ‘freedom now’
good done by the black panthers
1967 breakfast program for a/a kids in Oakland and medical advce
how MLK became alienated
anti-Vietnam war so lost government / presidential support
1966 Chicago failure
had achieved legal equality but failed on social and economic equality
