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Civil Rights and Race Relations 1850 - 2009 > Geography > Flashcards

Geography Flashcards

1
Q

how geography of a/a changed 6 broad phases

A 
1850
1865
slow drift north and west
great migration
ww2
move back south
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2
Q

how many slave states were there and name some of them

A 
14
Delaware
Maryland
Virginia
north Carolina
south Carolina
Texas
Tennessee
Florida
Mississippi
Alabama
Kentucky
Georgia
Arkansas
Missouri
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3
Q

when did the free states abolish slavery

A

between 1777-1850

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4
Q

1850 how many slaves were there and how many a/a were there

A

3.2m slaves

400,000 free

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5
Q

in the first consensus 1790 how large was the a/a population

A

19% of population

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6
Q

what did the US constitution value an a/a as

A

3/5 of a person

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7
Q

three main uses of slaves

A

tobacco
rice
cotton

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8
Q

when and what was the Missouri compromise

and what repeated the same values and when

A

1819
balance free and slave states Missouri (slave) against Maine (free) entering the union
repeated with the great compromise 1850

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9
Q

what and when was the Kansas-Nebraska Act

A

1954
possibility of slavery expanding west to be based on popular sovereignty (what majority of white makes there thought should happen)

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10
Q

when was the republican party formed

A

1854

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11
Q

what happened in 1860 to 61

A

1860 Lincoln became president

over 60 and 61, eleven states succeeded from the union

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12
Q

when was the emancipation proclamation and what did it state

what did this result in

A

1863
all slaves in the confederate are now free
3.5 million slaves freed

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13
Q

how many a/a served in the union army

A

300,000

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14
Q

before slavery how would some slaves escape north

A

through the underground railway

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15
Q

when was the slow migration out of the south

A

1865-1917

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16
Q

where did a/a slowly migrate to

A 
Cincinnati
New York
Philadelphia
Detroit
Cleveland
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17
Q

push factors in slow migration

A

yellow fever
boll weevil
lack of opportunities
kkk

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18
Q

pull factors in the slow migration

A 
Lincoln
ww1 industries
decreased amounts of European migrants as war
scabs (used to break strikes)
biblical 'promised land'
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19
Q

when was the great migration

A

1915-1945

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20
Q

stats to show the great migration

A

7 million out of 8 million a/a lived in the cotton belt 1910
over the next 15 years 10% moved north
1910-1930 a/a population in northern states increased by 40%

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21
Q

push factors for the great migration (brief) 5

A 
cotton
discrimination
violence
economic boom
depression
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22
Q

cotton as a push factor for the great migration

A 
1914 boll weevil in east Texas
spread across the south
short term acute poverty
then end of WW1 = slump in cotton prices as demand decreases
1920 - 40 cents a pound
1921 - 10
1932 - 5
hit a/a sharecroppers hard
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23
Q

examples of discrimination in the south

A

poll tax
grandfather clause
literacy tests

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24
Q

why did a/a violence boom in 1915

A

birth of a nation released

kkk re born

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25
Q

why was the economic boom a push factor

A

led to overproduction in agriculture

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26
Q

pull factors for the great migration (brief) 3

A

economic boom
ww1
new deal

27
Q

economic boom as a pull factor in the great migration

A

mass production
Detroit became centre of the car industry
1910-1930 population increased 300%, a/a by 2400%

28
Q

ww1 as a pull factor for the great migration

A 
fought in the army
less European immigration 
more jobs in war industries
1916-1918 400,000 a/a moved north
northern firms sent recruiters south
29
Q

what did ww2 do for USA with stats

A

brought prosperity
army from 300,000 (1939)
to 12 million (1945)
unemployment 1940 = 14.6% to 1.9% by 1945
17 million new jobs and salaries increased by 30%

30
Q

how many a/a left the south permanently as a result of the war

A

700,000

31
Q

why was there a move back south

A

fleeing inner cities / ghetto conditions with high crime rates and limited job opportunities
end of ww2 a/a were more urbanised than the normal population (80% compared to 70%)
went from rust belt to sun belt

32
Q

Detroit as a case study for move back south

A

30 years following ww2 jobs were cut by half
1947 - 3,300 manufacturing firms
1977 - 1,900 manufacturing firms

33
Q

9 impacts of the great migration

A

black political representation in the north
double v campaign
education
role models
increased population density so quality decreased
tensions when a/a shared in prosperity
close proximity = strained relations
prosperity + proximity + double v campaign
a/a in higher education

34
Q

evidence for black political representation in north

A

increased population = increased power when voting

black representation 1929-1970 are all in northern industrial cities such as new York, Michigan, Illinois)

35
Q

double v campaign and how ww2 influenced this

A

irony of fighting abroad when still segregated and normally with the worst jobs
Pittsburgh campaign begins 1942 and leads to heightened consciousness among blacks (and white liberals)

36
Q

how did the great migration improve education

A

standards in north higher
literacy rates improved
1920 - 10,000 a/a in higher education, today 4.5 million
higher education = higher skilled jobs = helps to get out of poverty
also provides role models

37
Q

segregated housing

A

usually de facto but reinforced by restrictive housing covenants
formation of ‘black belt’ regions
eg southside of Chicago
watts in LA
harlem and Bedford-Stuyvesant in new york

38
Q

stats of worse quality of life for a/a in housing

A

1934 average number of people per household
white = 4.7, black 6.8
infant mortality rate 16% higher in black belt

39
Q

Chicago race riot

A 
1919
15 year old drifts into white part of de facto segregated beach
stoned and murdered
2 weeks of rioting
10,000 black houses burnt down
40
Q

Tulsa riot 1921

A 
Tulsa = black wall street
had 3 a/a millionaires
a/a lift operator accused of raping a white girl in a lift
imprisoned
mob of whites attempted to lynch
again 10,000 houses burnt down
50% of a/a left Tulsa after this
41
Q

Colombia 1946

A

arguments between vets mother and clerk
fight
vert arrested for attempted murder
vert imprisoned and bail is posted by wealthy a/a
mob
26 were tried, 2 found guilty 100 arrested
Thurgood marshall took the case

42
Q

what impact did a/a in higher education have

A

influences / forms the civil rights movement, especially at the grassroots level
CORE SNCC
sit in movement
freedom rides

43
Q

when emancipation proclamation signed what percent of aa lived in the northeastern or Midwestern states

A

8%

44
Q

by 1900 what percentage of aa still lived in southern states

A

90%

45
Q

how many aa moved out of the south during the great migration

A

6 million

46
Q

by 1970 how many aa lived outside the south as a percent

A

47% of aa population

47
Q

push and pull factors that led to the first great migration

A 
segregation
racism
lynchings
boll weevil
northern labour shortages
labour agents sent south
48
Q

between 1882-1968 how many aa were lynched

A

3,500

49
Q

first major urban aa area

A

detroit

50
Q

in 1910 what was the aa population of detroit

A

6,000

51
Q

by 1929 what had detroits aa population grown to

A

120,000

52
Q

why did tensions rise in the first great migration

A

changes were concentrated in cities
competing for jobs and housing
often between ethnic irish defending their recently gained positions and territory

53
Q

when was the decade of the great depression and what was the problem of this

A

1930s

wiped out job opportunities in the industrial belt

54
Q

when and why did the second great migration start

A

1940 as defence industries geared up for war

55
Q

how many aa southerners moved north or west per decade
1940s
1950s
1960s and early 1970s

A

1940s = 1.4 million
1950s = 1.1 million
1960s and early 1970s = 2.4 million

56
Q

by then end of the great migration what population of aa lived in cities

A

80% compared to 70% of the general population

57
Q

why did the great migration come to a halt

A

1970s deindustrialisation = rust belt

moved south for weather, family, jim crow had ended, lower cost of living

58
Q

Harlem as a case study

A

1910 central harlem 10% aa
1930 70% aa
Harlem renaissance celebrated aa literature, art and music

59
Q

first world war evidence racial conflict increased

A

+1,000 aa were killed by white mobs in the usa between 1917-1923
silent protest parade
Houston mutiny
horrific Georgia lyniching of pregnant woman
1919 re summer

60
Q

what and when was the silent protest parade

A

new York july 1917 in response to a race massacre in east st louis Illinois
protest organised by naacp to bring attention to the barbaric acts

61
Q

what and when was the Houston mutiny

A

1918 triggered by a white police man calling an aa woman a ‘Goddam nigger bitch’
aa soldiers went on the rampage killing 17 people
the army sentenced 13 to death and 41 to life imprisonment

62
Q

stats of the red summer - how many race riots

A

25 anti-black race riots

63
Q

did aa share in the prosperity og the 1920s

A

no sharecropping still rife in the south
jim crown kept aa in a position of inferiority
but those who migrated in the great migration did far better eg aa in steel rose from 18,200 in 1910 to 52,956 in 1930

Civil Rights and Race Relations 1850 - 2009 (9 decks)

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