Geography Flashcards
how geography of a/a changed 6 broad phases
1850 1865 slow drift north and west great migration ww2 move back south
how many slave states were there and name some of them
14 Delaware Maryland Virginia north Carolina south Carolina Texas Tennessee Florida Mississippi Alabama Kentucky Georgia Arkansas Missouri
when did the free states abolish slavery
between 1777-1850
1850 how many slaves were there and how many a/a were there
3.2m slaves
400,000 free
in the first consensus 1790 how large was the a/a population
19% of population
what did the US constitution value an a/a as
3/5 of a person
three main uses of slaves
tobacco
rice
cotton
when and what was the Missouri compromise
and what repeated the same values and when
1819
balance free and slave states Missouri (slave) against Maine (free) entering the union
repeated with the great compromise 1850
what and when was the Kansas-Nebraska Act
1954
possibility of slavery expanding west to be based on popular sovereignty (what majority of white makes there thought should happen)
when was the republican party formed
1854
what happened in 1860 to 61
1860 Lincoln became president
over 60 and 61, eleven states succeeded from the union
when was the emancipation proclamation and what did it state
what did this result in
1863
all slaves in the confederate are now free
3.5 million slaves freed
how many a/a served in the union army
300,000
before slavery how would some slaves escape north
through the underground railway
when was the slow migration out of the south
1865-1917
where did a/a slowly migrate to
Cincinnati New York Philadelphia Detroit Cleveland
push factors in slow migration
yellow fever
boll weevil
lack of opportunities
kkk
pull factors in the slow migration
Lincoln ww1 industries decreased amounts of European migrants as war scabs (used to break strikes) biblical 'promised land'
when was the great migration
1915-1945
stats to show the great migration
7 million out of 8 million a/a lived in the cotton belt 1910
over the next 15 years 10% moved north
1910-1930 a/a population in northern states increased by 40%
push factors for the great migration (brief) 5
cotton discrimination violence economic boom depression
cotton as a push factor for the great migration
1914 boll weevil in east Texas spread across the south short term acute poverty then end of WW1 = slump in cotton prices as demand decreases 1920 - 40 cents a pound 1921 - 10 1932 - 5 hit a/a sharecroppers hard
examples of discrimination in the south
poll tax
grandfather clause
literacy tests
why did a/a violence boom in 1915
birth of a nation released
kkk re born
why was the economic boom a push factor
led to overproduction in agriculture
pull factors for the great migration (brief) 3
economic boom
ww1
new deal
economic boom as a pull factor in the great migration
mass production
Detroit became centre of the car industry
1910-1930 population increased 300%, a/a by 2400%
ww1 as a pull factor for the great migration
fought in the army less European immigration more jobs in war industries 1916-1918 400,000 a/a moved north northern firms sent recruiters south
what did ww2 do for USA with stats
brought prosperity
army from 300,000 (1939)
to 12 million (1945)
unemployment 1940 = 14.6% to 1.9% by 1945
17 million new jobs and salaries increased by 30%
how many a/a left the south permanently as a result of the war
700,000
why was there a move back south
fleeing inner cities / ghetto conditions with high crime rates and limited job opportunities
end of ww2 a/a were more urbanised than the normal population (80% compared to 70%)
went from rust belt to sun belt
Detroit as a case study for move back south
30 years following ww2 jobs were cut by half
1947 - 3,300 manufacturing firms
1977 - 1,900 manufacturing firms
9 impacts of the great migration
black political representation in the north
double v campaign
education
role models
increased population density so quality decreased
tensions when a/a shared in prosperity
close proximity = strained relations
prosperity + proximity + double v campaign
a/a in higher education
evidence for black political representation in north
increased population = increased power when voting
black representation 1929-1970 are all in northern industrial cities such as new York, Michigan, Illinois)
double v campaign and how ww2 influenced this
irony of fighting abroad when still segregated and normally with the worst jobs
Pittsburgh campaign begins 1942 and leads to heightened consciousness among blacks (and white liberals)
how did the great migration improve education
standards in north higher
literacy rates improved
1920 - 10,000 a/a in higher education, today 4.5 million
higher education = higher skilled jobs = helps to get out of poverty
also provides role models
segregated housing
usually de facto but reinforced by restrictive housing covenants
formation of ‘black belt’ regions
eg southside of Chicago
watts in LA
harlem and Bedford-Stuyvesant in new york
stats of worse quality of life for a/a in housing
1934 average number of people per household
white = 4.7, black 6.8
infant mortality rate 16% higher in black belt
Chicago race riot
1919 15 year old drifts into white part of de facto segregated beach stoned and murdered 2 weeks of rioting 10,000 black houses burnt down
Tulsa riot 1921
Tulsa = black wall street had 3 a/a millionaires a/a lift operator accused of raping a white girl in a lift imprisoned mob of whites attempted to lynch again 10,000 houses burnt down 50% of a/a left Tulsa after this
Colombia 1946
arguments between vets mother and clerk
fight
vert arrested for attempted murder
vert imprisoned and bail is posted by wealthy a/a
mob
26 were tried, 2 found guilty 100 arrested
Thurgood marshall took the case
what impact did a/a in higher education have
influences / forms the civil rights movement, especially at the grassroots level
CORE SNCC
sit in movement
freedom rides
when emancipation proclamation signed what percent of aa lived in the northeastern or Midwestern states
8%
by 1900 what percentage of aa still lived in southern states
90%
how many aa moved out of the south during the great migration
6 million
by 1970 how many aa lived outside the south as a percent
47% of aa population
push and pull factors that led to the first great migration
segregation racism lynchings boll weevil northern labour shortages labour agents sent south
between 1882-1968 how many aa were lynched
3,500
first major urban aa area
detroit
in 1910 what was the aa population of detroit
6,000
by 1929 what had detroits aa population grown to
120,000
why did tensions rise in the first great migration
changes were concentrated in cities
competing for jobs and housing
often between ethnic irish defending their recently gained positions and territory
when was the decade of the great depression and what was the problem of this
1930s
wiped out job opportunities in the industrial belt
when and why did the second great migration start
1940 as defence industries geared up for war
how many aa southerners moved north or west per decade
1940s
1950s
1960s and early 1970s
1940s = 1.4 million
1950s = 1.1 million
1960s and early 1970s = 2.4 million
by then end of the great migration what population of aa lived in cities
80% compared to 70% of the general population
why did the great migration come to a halt
1970s deindustrialisation = rust belt
moved south for weather, family, jim crow had ended, lower cost of living
Harlem as a case study
1910 central harlem 10% aa
1930 70% aa
Harlem renaissance celebrated aa literature, art and music
first world war evidence racial conflict increased
+1,000 aa were killed by white mobs in the usa between 1917-1923
silent protest parade
Houston mutiny
horrific Georgia lyniching of pregnant woman
1919 re summer
what and when was the silent protest parade
new York july 1917 in response to a race massacre in east st louis Illinois
protest organised by naacp to bring attention to the barbaric acts
what and when was the Houston mutiny
1918 triggered by a white police man calling an aa woman a ‘Goddam nigger bitch’
aa soldiers went on the rampage killing 17 people
the army sentenced 13 to death and 41 to life imprisonment
stats of the red summer - how many race riots
25 anti-black race riots
did aa share in the prosperity og the 1920s
no sharecropping still rife in the south
jim crown kept aa in a position of inferiority
but those who migrated in the great migration did far better eg aa in steel rose from 18,200 in 1910 to 52,956 in 1930
