I Flashcards
BASIC REQUIREMENT OF STARTING A PIGGERY
materials, money, methods, machines, manpower
What are the trends in swine industry?
- PREFERENCES FOR LEAN MEAT WITH FAT
- PREFERENCE FOR PORK WITH MINIMIAL ANTIBIOTIC RESIDUE
- PREFERENCES FOR FRESH AND FRESH-CHILLED PORK
- REFERENCES FOR PARTS
- EMERGENCE OF SMALL ENTERPRISES TYPE OF SWINE PRODUCTION SYSTEM
What are the strengths of swine production?
a. Relatively large, stable & continuously increasing pig population tat is well distributed throughout the country
b. Large & continuously increasing domestic market for pork
c. High utilization of pork, relative to other animal products
d. Well organized private industry players
e. Easy access to good genetics & state-of-the-art technologies on swine production, feed milling & other related activities from both local & foreign sources
f. Technically equipped entrepreneurs, farm managers & practitioners
Weaknesses of Swine Production
a. Generally low purchasing power of pork consumers
b. High cost of feeds & other production inputs
c. Heavy independence on imported feed ingredients
d. Inadequate national program for disease prevention and control
e. Inefficient & inadequate technical & market information services
f. High overhead costs both in swine production & feed milling
g. Presence of FMD in some major swine-producing regions of the country
This is the period between weaning & the next service. after weaning, a sow is expected to come into heat within 3 to 7 days.
dry period
gestation period of sow
114 days or 3 months 3 weeks and 3 days
normal lactation period is between?
28 to 42 days
rearing period of weaners days?
30-40 days
The rearing period take another 30 – 40 days. At the end, they will be ready for sale, fattening or rearing as replacement breeders. By then their weight will be?
15 – 20 kgs
growing and finishing of fatteners takes how many months
3 - 5 months
What are the threats in swine production?
a. Flooding/dumping of cheap pork & other meat products from other countries
b. Increasing control of trader & butchers on pricing of live slaughter hogs
c. Irrational implementation of rules & policies on environment protection
d. Industrialization & urbanization of current swine producing areas
What are the opportunities in swine production?
a. Growing domestic market, increasing demand to meet increasing per capita consumption of a continuously growing human population
b. Export of live hogs &pork carcasses to other ASEAN countries
c. Availability of certified breeder pigs will be assured by the operationalization of the Swine Breeder farm Accreditation Program of the DA
d. Continuously improving swine productivity & production efficiency
e. Improved feed efficiency & dressing percentage by increasing slaughter weights
Rearing period of replacement stocks no. of days/months
150 - 180 days (5 - 6 months)
produce & nourish large litters of healthy pigs
prolificness
active; good disposition; easy to handle
temperament
high in lean cuts & low in fat cuts
carcass quality
some breeds perform better when crossbred
nicking ability
What are the factors in selecting a breeding herd?
- Availability of good stocks
- prolificness
- growth ability
- temperament
- carcass quality
- efficient use of feeds
- nicking ability
- market demands
- disease resistance
- availability of feeds
- personal likes and dislikes
group that has specific traits or characteristics in common
breed
performance of a pig is influenced by its ______ which includes nutrition & feeding, housing, health care etc. comprising 70% of the totality of the animal
ENVIRONMENT
comprising 30% thus it is important to look into the bloodline of the animal
genetic potential
Breeding of closely related animals
inbreeding
done to purity the blood line of the animals since the similarity of the animals within the group is increased. Strong & weak points of the animal will be exposed under this system
inbreeding
not recommendable due to its negative effect on the production performance of the animal. It usually decreases vigor because it brings together the recessive genes with undesirable effects in the resulting crossbreed
continuous inbreeding
Effects of inbreeding, if not properly done:
- Reduction in the strength & vigor of piglets
- Decrease in the number of pigs born & weaned
- Decrease in the weight of piglets at birth & weaning
- Sterility & abortions
- Retardation of physiologic maturity
- Occurrence of abnormalities (hernia, cryptorchidism)
A system of breeding wherein animals of the same breed are mated to each other.
Purebreeding
Breeding of 2 animals from different breeds
crossbreeding
done to maintain the production supply of the breed & to acquire the best available genetic material at reasonable prices
purebreeding
2 reasons crossbreeding system is recommended for production of market hogs
a. To obtain hybrid vigor or heterosis (the superiority exhibit by the crossbreed individuals over the average of the parental breeds);
b. To bring together the desirable characteristics of the parental breeds
Advantages of crossbreed over purebred animals
- Superior in terms of litter & weight at birth & at weaning
- Sows are better mothers
- Fast growing
Advantages of crossbreeding
- Increased vigor & growth rate of litters
- Large litters
- Increased production efficiency to about 5 – 10%
- Increased disease resistance
LARGE WHITE x LANDRACE or
PIETRAIN x DUROC
Two-way cross mating with the use of 2 different breeds
LARGE WHITE x LANDRACE (1st cross)
DUROX x LARGE WHITE/LANDRACE (2nd cross)
DUROX/LARGE WHITE/LANDRACE (progeny)
Three-way cross mating with the use of three breeds
A system of breeding wherein an inferior breed is improved by continued crossing.
upgrading
Commonly used among native breeds crossed with exotic breeds of swine to improve the common stock.
In this procedure, selected female pigs are bred to purebred boars of any preferred breed. The female progenies are bred to boars of the same breed. The procedure is repeated until the resulting offspring’s approach the characteristics of the purebred.
upgrading
It can lower the quality of the whole herd. The most common are hernias, atresia ani and cryptorchidism.
abnormalities
few of the diseases commonly associated with abortion and usually transmitted by an infected boar
leptospirosis and brucellosis
a vital source of nourishment for the piglets. It is highly susceptible to infection especially during lactation because of the presence of milk which is a very good medium for multiplication of infectious microorganism
udder section
A sow is must profitable if she produces more than 2 litters a year or else she is considered as?
profit eater
Some sows have cannibalistic tendency during and after farrowing especially the first-farrowed sow
poor maternal instincts
Pointers in Culling
- Reproductive failures
- Poor maternal instincts
- Feet and leg problem
- Poor milkers
- Poor litter size
- Long dry period
- Damaged udder section
- Diseases
- Abnormalities
the beginning of the reproductive capability or sexual maturity of the animal
puberty
Requirements for judging and selecting sows
- Good production of the sow
- long life
- good ADG for the offspring
- good FCR of the offspring
- good carcass quality of the offspring
standard no. of litters
18
standard no. of farrowing
6
opposite of selection
culling
Swine reach puberty at about
5 months
beginning of the reproductive capability or sexual maturity of the animal
puberty
Gilts should be bred at not less than?
7.5 months old or 225 days
Gilts aged 225 days (7.5 months), who have cycled at least twice can be bred when she is ____ kg.
120-130 kg
usually produce small litter size because they ovulate fewer eggs & show poor maternal behavior to the young as she cannot stand the severe physical stress due to lactation
very young gilts
True or false.
Ovulation in swine decreases progressively from one heat period to another until the 5th heat when the gilt is one year old.
False. It increases.
days of estrus cycle of sows and sexually mature gilts
18-24, average 21
Manifestations/Signs of estrus
- Swelling & reddening of the vulva
- Thick mucus discharge from the vagina
- Mounting other animals (mounting heat) or willingness to be mounted by others regardless of sex (standing heat).
- Restlessness; grunting
- Reduced appetite
- Attempting to urinate with very little urine at all
- Difficult to be moved or transfer in the presence of a boar
- Reacts to the boars mating sound
sows who have farrowed 2-5 times sometimes do not show manifestations of heat, called as?
silent heaters
approach the animal from behind & apply pressure on her sides with both hands. If she is receptive, she will just stand firm & rigid, ready to be served
back pressure test
ride on or press the back or loin of the female
riding the back test
squeeze old in a sample squeeze bottle on the snout of the female
semen on snout method
a vasectomized boar is the animal to use in this method. Allow the boar to amount the sow. If the sow does not run away but stands firm & remains rigid with cocked ears & willingly submits to the caprices of the male, she is sexually receptive
teaser boar method
Techniques in heat detection
- back pressure test
- riding the back test
- semen on the snout method
- teaser boar method
- examination of external signs of estrus and records
crude protein content for starter
18%
crude protein content for grower
16%
10-11 weeks estimated body weight
20 - 30/35 kg
16-17 weeks estimated bw
30/35 - 60 kg
22-25 weeks estimated body weight
60 - 110 kg
About 10-14 days before the gilts are served, the feed allowance is increased to?
3.0 - 3.5 kgs/day
What is the goal of flushing?
increase ovulation
Quarantine measures
a. All arriving or newly – purchased replacement gilts or boars should be isolated for at least 2 weeks
b. Replacement animals should be introduced & acclimatized to the normal microflora of the farm (fecal material, contact with older animals, feeding small amounts of chopped placenta, aborted piglets, etc)
When is deworming done?
7 - 14 days before breeding
Mange treatment is done?
7 - 14 days before breeding
Vit A, D, E injection is done how many times if you are to breed your sow?
Once before breeding
A success swine operation, whether small or large scale depends greatly on the proper care & management of the boar which accounts for _____ % of the farm performance.
50%
ratio of boar to gilts to be bred
1:15-20
Traits or standards for selecting a boar
- Behavior
- Sow productivity
- Performance
- Backfat
- Reproductive soundness
- Conformation
has very high heritability; externally it can be measured by leanness of the animal
backfat
A boar of about 104 kg should have a backfat of?
1.5 cm or less
includes body length, depth & skeletal size & shape, boar masculinity & testicular development
conformation
inhibits production of fresh semen & results into a very low fertility level
stale semen
True Or False.
Boar below 5 months old is low in quantity & quality of semen.
False. Boar below 8 months old is low in quantity & quality of semen.
True or false.
Excessive use of boar will lead to partial sterility or complete lack of fertility due to insufficient number of fully-aged sperm cells.
True.
a very crucial point in a young boar’s life, it is important that the first mating should be with a suitable female that knows the rudiments of mating
1st service
If the replacement stocks are to be obtained from the farm, replace boars every?
1.5 - 2 years
Produces sperm in the seminiferous tubules
testis/testicle
Protects testis & regulates temperature of testis
scrotum
Sperm maturation, storage
epididymis
Passageway for urine & semen
urethra
Aids in erection
sigmoid flexure
Semen delivery to cervix
glans penis
Produces LH & FSH
Which act in regulating sperm & testosterone production
anterior pituitary gland
feeding of boar (kg)/day?
2.0 kg (+/-)0.5 kg if thin orfat
Giving too much feed to boars might lead to?
a. Obesity-laziness
b. Poor libido-poor mating results
c. Too heavy-leg problem
acclimatization of boars lasts for how many weeks?
3-4 weeks
it helps harden the claw horn
footbath treatment
footbath treatment contains how many % of copper sulfate and formalin?
Copper sulfate - 5%
Formalin - 5%
deworming of boars are done how many times a year?
3-4 times a year
mange treatment of boars are done how many times a year?
3-4 times a year
When can we vaccinate a boar for Hog cholera?
6 months of age
When can we vaccinate a boar for FMD?
6.5 months of age
When can we vaccinate a boar for Parvovirus vaccine?
7 months of age
When can we vaccinate a boar for pseudorabies?
7 months of age
external indicators of good production of the sow
Number of good teats, equal spacing of teats
external indicators of good ADG for the offspring?
Development and frame size of gilt or sow
external indicators of good FCR of the offspring?
leanness and meatiness of gilt/sow
removal of unwanted pigs
culling
Replacement animals should be introduced & acclimatized to the normal microflora of the farm by:
- Introduction of the fecal material inside the pen taken from older stocks
- Contact with older animals like boar or sow
- Feeding with small amount of chopped placenta, aborted piglets or intestines of piglets which died from diarrhea
most common abnormalities in swine production
hernia, atresia ani, cryptorchidism
In brain hernia, pigs usually born alive but skull opening is present involving?
frontal and parietal bone
Split ears are associated with?
cleft palate and deformed hind legs
In excessive fatness, pigs become fat to ___ kg then die
32-88 kgs
Normally, the breeding efficiency of sow starts to decline after?
6th or 7th litter
how many times should a sow give birth in a year?
2.5 times
red eyes are observed in what breed and affect what particular pigs?
Observed in Hampshire; affected animals have light brown haircoat
a sow with 8 litters should at least lactate for how many weeks after farrowing?
3-4 weeks
No. of boars needed are dependent on?
- number of productive sows
- replacement gilts
- age of the boar
- size of the female
- frequency of mating in a single heat period.
This breed has evolved from continuous selection & cross breeding of the other excellent breeds namely Landrace, Large White & Pietrain
Neuw Dalland
one of the major routinely activities in the farm so that parameters involved in production performance will be attained
record keeping
