Introduction - Replacement of Boar (Page 1-17) Flashcards
(105 cards)
1
Q
Give the 5 basic requirements of starting a piggery.
A
Materials
Money
Methods
Machines
Manpower
2
Q
What are the trends in swine industry?
A
- Preferences for lean meat with fat
- Preference for pork with minimial antibiotic residue
- Preferences for fresh and fresh-chilled pork
- References for parts
- Emergence of small enterprises type of swine production system
3
Q
What are the strengths of swine production?
A
- Relatively large, stable & continuously increasing pig population tat is well distributed throughout the country
- Large & continuously increasing domestic market for pork
- High utilization of pork, relative to other animal products
- Well organized private industry players
- Easy access to good genetics & state-of-the-art technologies on swine production, feed milling & other related activities from both local & foreign sources
- Technically equipped entrepreneurs, farm managers & practitioners
4
Q
Give at least 5 weaknesses of swine production
A
- Generally low purchasing power of pork consumers
- High cost of feeds & other production inputs
- Heavy independence on imported feed ingredients
- Inadequate national program for disease prevention and control
- Inefficient & inadequate technical & market information services
- High overhead costs both in swine production & feed milling
- Presence of FMD in some major swine-producing regions of the country
5
Q
This is the period between weaning & the next service.
A
dry period
6
Q
How many days is the gestation period of sow?
A
114 days or 3 months 3 weeks and 3 days
7
Q
How many days is the normal lactation period of sow?
A
28 to 42 days
8
Q
How many days is the rearing period of weaners?
A
30-40 days
9
Q
The rearing period takes 30 – 40 days. At the end, they will be ready for sale. By then, what will their weight be?
A
15 – 20 kgs
10
Q
How many months does it take to grow and finish fatteners?
A
3 - 5 months
11
Q
What are the threats in swine production? Give at least 4.
A
a. Flooding/dumping of cheap pork & other meat products from other countries
b. Increasing control of trader & butchers on pricing of live slaughter hogs
c. Irrational implementation of rules & policies on environment protection
d. Industrialization & urbanization of current swine producing areas
12
Q
What are the opportunities in swine production?
A
a. Growing domestic market, increasing demand to meet increasing per capita consumption of a continuously growing human population
b. Export of live hogs &pork carcasses to other ASEAN countries
c. Availability of certified breeder pigs will be assured by the operationalization of the Swine Breeder farm Accreditation Program of the DA
d. Continuously improving swine productivity & production efficiency
e. Improved feed efficiency & dressing percentage by increasing slaughter weights
13
Q
How many daysmonths is the rearing period of replacement stocks?
A
150 - 180 days (5 - 6 months)
14
Q
Refers to the ability to produce & nourish large litters of healthy pigs
A
prolificness
15
Q
Refers to a pig being active, good disposition, and being easy to handle
A
temperament
16
Q
It refers to the breeds that perform better when crossbred
A
nicking ability
17
Q
What are the factors in selecting a breeding herd? Give at least 5.
A
- Availability of good stocks
- prolificness
- growth ability
- temperament
- carcass quality
- efficient use of feeds
- nicking ability
- market demands
- disease resistance
- availability of feeds
- personal likes and dislikes
18
Q
Avgroup that has specific traits or characteristics in common
A
breed
19
Q
The performance of a pig is influenced by its ______ which includes nutrition & feeding, housing, health care etc. comprising 70% of the totality of the animal
A
ENVIRONMENT
20
Q
Comprising 30% thus it is important to look into the bloodline of the animal
A
genetic potential
21
Q
The breeding of closely related animals
A
inbreeding
22
Q
done to purify the bloodline of the animals since the similarity of the animals within the group is increased. Strong & weak points of the animal will be exposed under this system
A
inbreeding
23
Q
Not recommended due to its negative effect on the production performance of the animal due to the combination of recessive genes with undesirable effects in the resulting crossbreed
A
continuous inbreeding
24
Q
What are the effects of inbreeding if not properly done? Give at least 4.
A
- Reduction in the strength & vigor of piglets
- Decrease in the number of pigs born & weaned
- Decrease in the weight of piglets at birth & weaning
- Sterility & abortions
- Retardation of physiologic maturity
- Occurrence of abnormalities (hernia, cryptorchidism)
25
A system of breeding wherein animals of the same breed are mated to each other.
Purebreeding
26
Breeding of 2 animals from different breeds
crossbreeding
27
It is done to maintain the production supply of the breed & to acquire the best available genetic material at reasonable prices
purebreeding
28
Give 2 reasons why crossbreeding system is recommended for the production of market hogs
a. To obtain hybrid vigor or heterosis (the superiority exhibit by the crossbreed individuals over the average of the parental breeds);
b. To bring together the desirable characteristics of the parental breeds
29
Give 3 advantages of crossbreeding over purebred animals
1. Superior in terms of litter & weight at birth & at weaning
2. Sows are better mothers
3. Fast growing
30
Give at least 4 advantages of crossbreeding
1. Increased vigor & growth rate of litters
2. Large litters
3. Increased production efficiency to about 5 – 10%
4. Increased disease resistance
31
A system of breeding wherein an inferior breed is improved by continued crossing.
upgrading
32
Commonly used among native breeds crossed with exotic breeds of swine to improve the common stock.
upgrading
33
Give at least 2 bacterial diseases commonly associated with abortion and usually transmitted by an infected boar
leptospirosis and brucellosis
34
A vital source of nourishment for the piglets. It is highly susceptible to infection especially during lactation, because of the presence of milk which is a very good medium for multiplication of infectious microorganism
Udder section
35
A sow is must profitable if she produces more than 2 litters a year or else she is considered as?
Profit eater
36
Some sows have a cannibalistic tendency during and after farrowing, especially the first-farrowed sow. This trait is known as?
poor maternal instincts
37
Give at least 5 pointers in culling
1. Reproductive failures
2. Poor maternal instincts
3. Feet and leg problem
4. Poor milkers
5. Poor litter size
6. Long dry period
7. Damaged udder section
8. Diseases
9. Abnormalities
38
Refers to the beginning of the reproductive capability or sexual maturity of the animal
puberty
39
Give the 5 requirements for judging and selecting sows
1. Good production of the sow
2. Long life
3. Good ADG for the offspring
4. Good FCR of the offspring
5. Good carcass quality of the offspring
40
What is the standard no. of litters?
18
41
What is the standard no. of farrowing?
6
42
Refers to the opposite of selection
culling
43
When does swine reach puberty at about?
5 months old
44
Gilts should be bred at not less than?
7.5 months old or 225 days
45
Gilts aged 225 days (7.5 months), who have cycled at least twice can be bred if she is ____ kg.
120-130 kg
46
They produce small litter size because they ovulate fewer eggs & show poor maternal behavior to the young as she cannot stand the severe physical stress due to lactation
Very young gilts
47
True or false.
Ovulation in swine decreases progressively from one heat period to another until the 5th heat when the gilt is one year old.
False. It increases.
48
How many days is the estrus cycle of sows and sexually mature gilts?
18-24, average 21
49
Enumerate at least 5 manifestations/signs of estrus
1. Swelling & reddening of the vulva
2. Thick mucus discharge from the vagina
3. Mounting other animals (mounting heat) or willingness to be mounted by others regardless of sex (standing heat).
4. Restlessness; grunting
5. Reduced appetite
6. Attempting to urinate with very little urine at all
7. Difficult to be moved or transferred in the presence of a boar
8. Reacts to the boars' mating sound
50
Some sows who have farrowed 2-5 times sometimes do not show manifestations of heat, they are called?
silent heaters
51
What are the 5 techniques in heat detection?
1. back pressure test
2. riding the back test
3. semen on the snout method
4. teaser boar method
5. examination of external signs of estrus and records
52
How many percentage is the suggested crude protein content for starter?
18%
53
How many percentage is the suggested crude protein content for growers?
16%
54
What is the estimated body weight of a 10-11 week-old pig?
20 - 30/35 kg
55
What is the estimated body weight of a 16-17 weeks old pig?
30/35 - 60 kg
56
What is the estimated body weight of a 22-25 week-old pig?
60 - 110 kg
57
About 10-14 days before the gilts are served, the feed allowance is increased to?
3.0 - 3.5 kgs/day
58
What is the goal of flushing?
Increase ovulation
59
Give at least 2 quarantine measures before introducing new pigs in farm
a. All arriving or newly – purchased replacement gilts or boars should be isolated for at least 2 weeks
b. Replacement animals should be introduced & acclimatized to the normal microflora of the farm (fecal material, contact with older animals, feeding small amounts of chopped placenta, aborted piglets, etc)
60
When is the deworming done?
7 - 14 days before breeding
61
When is the mange treatment done?
7 - 14 days before breeding
62
Vit A, D, E injection is done how many times if you are to breed your sow?
Once before breeding
63
A success swine operation, whether small or large scale depends greatly on the proper care & management of the boar which accounts for _____ % of the farm performance.
50%
64
Give the ratio of boars to gilts to be bred
1:15-20
65
Give at least 5 traits or standards for selecting a boar
1. Behavior
2. Sow productivity
3. Performance
4. Backfat
5. Reproductive soundness
6. Conformation
66
It has very high heritability. Externally, it can be measured by the leanness of the animal
backfat
67
A boar of about 104 kg should have a backfat of?
1.5 cm or less
68
Refers to the body length, depth & skeletal size & shape, boar masculinity & testicular development
Conformation
69
Inhibits production of fresh semen & results into a very low fertility level
stale semen
70
True Or False.
Boar below 9 months old is low in quantity & quality of semen.
False. A boar below 8 months old is low in quantity & quality of semen.
71
True or false.
Excessive use of boar will lead to partial sterility or complete lack of fertility due to insufficient number of fully-aged sperm cells.
True.
72
A very crucial point in a young boar’s life, it is important that the first mating should be with a suitable female that knows the rudiments of mating
1st service
73
If the replacement stocks are to be obtained from the same farm, the boars should be replaced every?
1.5 - 2 years
74
Protects testis & regulates temperature of testis
scrotum
75
Where do sperms mature and are stored?
epididymis
76
Passageway for urine & semen
urethra
77
Aids in erection
sigmoid flexure
78
Aids in semen delivery to cervix
glans penis
79
The gland that produces LH & FSH which act in regulating sperm & testosterone production
anterior pituitary gland
80
Kg per day for feeding of boar
2.0 kg (+/-) 0.5 kg if thin or fat
81
Giving too much feed to boars might lead to?
a. Obesity-laziness
b. Poor libido-poor mating results
c. Too heavy leg problem
82
How many weeks is the acclimatization of boars?
3-4 weeks
83
This treatment helps harden the claw horn
footbath treatment
84
Footbath treatment contains how many % of copper sulfate and formalin?
Copper sulfate - 5%
Formalin - 5%
85
Deworming of boars are done how many times a year?
3-4 times a year
86
Mange treatment of boars are done how many times a year?
3-4 times a year
87
When can we vaccinate a boar for hog cholera?
6 months of age
88
When can we vaccinate a boar for FMD?
6.5 months of age
89
When can we vaccinate a boar for Parvovirus vaccine?
7 months of age
90
When can we vaccinate a boar for pseudorabies?
7 months of age
91
What are the external indicators of good production of the sow?
Number of good teats, equal spacing of teats
92
What are the external indicators of good ADG for the offspring?
Development and frame size of gilt or sow
93
What are the external indicators of good FCR of the offspring?
leanness and meatiness of gilt/sow
94
Replacement animals should be introduced & acclimatized to the normal microflora of the farm by? Give at least 3.
1. Introduction of the fecal material inside the pen taken from older stocks
2. Contact with older animals like boar or sow
3. Feeding with small amount of chopped placenta, aborted piglets or intestines of piglets which died from diarrhea
95
What are the three most common abnormalities in swine production?
hernia, atresia ani, cryptorchidism
96
In brain hernia, pigs usually born alive but skull opening is present involving?
frontal and parietal bone
97
Split ears are associated with?
cleft palate and deformed hind legs
98
In excessive fatness, pigs become fat to ___ kg then die
32-88 kgs
99
Normally, the breeding efficiency of sow starts to decline after?
6th or 7th litter
100
How many times should a sow give birth in a year?
2.5 times
101
Red eyes are observed in what breed of pigs?
Observed in Hampshires
102
A sow with 8 litters should at least lactate for how many weeks after farrowing?
3-4 weeks
103
The no. of boars needed is dependent on?
1. number of productive sows
2. replacement gilts
3. age of the boar
4. size of the female
5. frequency of mating in a single heat period.
104
This breed has evolved from continuous selection & cross breeding of the other excellent breeds namely Landrace, Large White & Pietrain
Neuw Dalland
105
One of the major routinely activities in the farm so that parameters involved in production performance will be attained
Record keeping
