Hypothesis Testing Pg. 491 - 522

Question 1

_____________________ are statistical tests that follow certain assumptions about the sample and
population they are testing

Answer 1

Parametric tests

Question 2

____________ and __________ are a numerical way of describing the degree of
spread within a distribution

Answer 2

Standard deviation & Variance

Question 3

_________________ is the degree to which a
distribution varies around the mean
- The smaller the value, the smaller the _______________-

Answer 3

Variance

Question 4

____________________ is the typical amount
that each score varies from the mean
- The square root of variance

Answer 4

Standard deviation

Question 5

_______________________ is an approximately normal distribution constructed
of means calculated from all possible samples of a given size from a given
population

Answer 5

Distribution of means

Question 6

_______________________ is smaller than the standard deviation of a distribution of
scores

Answer 6

Standard Error

Question 7

_____________________ is the idea that the world is chaotic and many phenomenon occur at random or by chance

Answer 7

Premise

Question 8

____________________ is the specific value within a distribution that denotes how extreme the
data, and the sample test statistic, must be
to reject the null hypothesis

Answer 8

Critical Values

Question 9

_____________________ are the areas of a distribution
beyond the critical value on either one or both
tails

Answer 9

Critical Regions

Question 10

A ________________ error is rejecting the null hypothesis when it is
true or declaring a difference despite there
being none

Answer 10

Type 1

Question 11

A __________________ error is failing to reject the null hypothesis
when it is false or declaring no difference when there is
one

Answer 11

Type 2

Question 12

__________________ is the portion of a given distribution at either
end of the extremes

Answer 12

Alpha (⍺)

Question 13

As _______ increases, the probability of a ___________ error
increases

Answer 13

⍺, Type 1

Question 14

__________________ is the probability of correctly rejecting a false null hypothesis when a
particular alternative hypothesis is true

Answer 14

Power (1-β)

Question 15

_________________ is the probability of committing a Type II error

Answer 15

β (Beta)

Question 16

As ___ increases, power increases

Answer 16

n

Question 17

As variance or standard error decrease, ______________ increases

Answer 17

Power

Question 18

A ________________ is hypothesis testing using a z statistic to
compare two means (a sample and a
population) when population characteristics
are known

Answer 18

Z Test

Question 19

A ______________ compares the magnitude of a sample mean
to known population mean with unknown
variance

Answer 19

One-Sample t-test

Question 20

___________________ are an interval estimate, based on a sample
statistic, that theoretically includes the
population mean (μ) a certain percentage of
the time, if we were to sample from the
population repeatedly

Answer 20

Confidence intervals

Question 21

A ___________________ compares the magnitude of means between two samples when
population parameters are unknown

Answer 21

Two-Sample t-test

Question 22

A ___________________ Compares the magnitude of difference
between means from two separate matched
samples OR the change in performance on a measure
taken before and after a treatment or
manipulation when population parameters
are unknown

Answer 22

Dependent-Samples t-test

Question 23

____________________ is an objective and standardized measure of the magnitude of an
observed effect

Answer 23

Effect size

Question 24

_______________ alerts us to the percent of variance that can be explained by a given
variable

Answer 24

Effect size

Question 25

_________________ assesses the size of an effect based on the differences between
groups or levels

Answer 25

d-family

Question 26

____________________ represents a correlation between independent variables (measures of association)

Answer 26

r-family

Question 27

_____________________ measures the difference (or shift above or below the
population mean as stated by H0) between two
means, and expresses this difference in standard
deviation units

Answer 27

Cohen’s d

Question 28

___________________ compares the mean difference between
two independent groups

Answer 28

Independent-Samples t-test

Question 29

The ____________________ tests whether the data from each group is
significantly different

Answer 29

Levene’s Test

Question 30

___________________ allow us to reduce the influence of individual
differences between our participants (we are only looking at the
difference within the individual between conditions 1 and 2)

E.g., Do the same participants like chocolate more when they eat it with
someone else versus alone?

Answer 30

Paired-Samples t-tests

Question 31

__________________ determine our direction before
collecting our data, and then we should only look at that specific
direction

Answer 31

One tailed tests

Question 32

If ____________________________ have a significant t-statistic, then we can look
at the group means to determine the direction

Answer 32

Two tailed tests

Question 33

_________________ is the theory that using an ideal sample size can bolster your ability to detect differences, should any exist

Answer 33

Power theory

Question 34

_________________ is the probability of obtaining the observed difference, or one more
extreme, assuming the null hypothesis is true

Answer 34

p Value