Hypothesis Testing Pg. 491 - 522 Flashcards

1
Q

_____________________ are statistical tests that follow certain assumptions about the sample and
population they are testing

A

Parametric tests

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2
Q

____________ and __________ are a numerical way of describing the degree of
spread within a distribution

A

Standard deviation & Variance

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3
Q

_________________ is the degree to which a
distribution varies around the mean
- The smaller the value, the smaller the _______________-

A

Variance

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4
Q

____________________ is the typical amount
that each score varies from the mean
- The square root of variance

A

Standard deviation

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5
Q

_______________________ is an approximately normal distribution constructed
of means calculated from all possible samples of a given size from a given
population

A

Distribution of means

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6
Q

_______________________ is smaller than the standard deviation of a distribution of
scores

A

Standard Error

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7
Q

_____________________ is the idea that the world is chaotic and many phenomenon occur at random or by chance

A

Premise

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8
Q

____________________ is the specific value within a distribution that denotes how extreme the
data, and the sample test statistic, must be
to reject the null hypothesis

A

Critical Values

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9
Q

_____________________ are the areas of a distribution
beyond the critical value on either one or both
tails

A

Critical Regions

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10
Q

A ________________ error is rejecting the null hypothesis when it is
true or declaring a difference despite there
being none

A

Type 1

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11
Q

A __________________ error is failing to reject the null hypothesis
when it is false or declaring no difference when there is
one

A

Type 2

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12
Q

__________________ is the portion of a given distribution at either
end of the extremes

A

Alpha (⍺)

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13
Q

As _______ increases, the probability of a ___________ error
increases

A

⍺, Type 1

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14
Q

__________________ is the probability of correctly rejecting a false null hypothesis when a
particular alternative hypothesis is true

A

Power (1-β)

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15
Q

_________________ is the probability of committing a Type II error

A

β (Beta)

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16
Q

As ___ increases, power increases

17
Q

As variance or standard error decrease, ______________ increases

18
Q

A ________________ is hypothesis testing using a z statistic to
compare two means (a sample and a
population) when population characteristics
are known

19
Q

A ______________ compares the magnitude of a sample mean
to known population mean with unknown
variance

A

One-Sample t-test

20
Q

___________________ are an interval estimate, based on a sample
statistic, that theoretically includes the
population mean (μ) a certain percentage of
the time, if we were to sample from the
population repeatedly

A

Confidence intervals

21
Q

A ___________________ compares the magnitude of means between two samples when
population parameters are unknown

A

Two-Sample t-test

22
Q

A ___________________ Compares the magnitude of difference
between means from two separate matched
samples OR the change in performance on a measure
taken before and after a treatment or
manipulation when population parameters
are unknown

A

Dependent-Samples t-test

23
Q

____________________ is an objective and standardized measure of the magnitude of an
observed effect

A

Effect size

24
Q

_______________ alerts us to the percent of variance that can be explained by a given
variable

A

Effect size

25
_________________ assesses the size of an effect based on the differences between groups or levels
d-family
26
____________________ represents a correlation between independent variables (measures of association)
r-family
27
_____________________ measures the difference (or shift above or below the population mean as stated by H0) between two means, and expresses this difference in standard deviation units
Cohen’s d
28
___________________ compares the mean difference between two independent groups
Independent-Samples t-test
29
The ____________________ tests whether the data from each group is significantly different
Levene’s Test
30
___________________ allow us to reduce the influence of individual differences between our participants (we are only looking at the difference within the individual between conditions 1 and 2) E.g., Do the same participants like chocolate more when they eat it with someone else versus alone?
Paired-Samples t-tests
31
__________________ determine our direction before collecting our data, and then we should only look at that specific direction
One tailed tests
32
If ____________________________ have a significant t-statistic, then we can look at the group means to determine the direction
Two tailed tests
33
_________________ is the theory that using an ideal sample size can bolster your ability to detect differences, should any exist
Power theory
34
_________________ is the probability of obtaining the observed difference, or one more extreme, assuming the null hypothesis is true
p Value