Chapters 10,11, 12, and 13

Question 1

An ______________ is a study in which at least one variable is manipulated and another is measured

Answer 1

experiment

Question 2

A _______________ is a variable in an experiment that a researcher controls, such as by assigning participants to its different levels (values)

Answer 2

manipulated variable

Question 3

A _______________ is a variable in a study which levels are observed and recorded

Answer 3

Measured Variable

Question 4

_________________ is when another variable varies systematically
along with the IV and provides an alternative
explanation for the results

Answer 4

Design confounds

Question 5

________________ is when participants in one level of the IV are
systematically different than the participants
in another level(s) of the IV.

Answer 5

Selection effects

Question 6

______________ is when exposure to one condition affects
experience to other conditions

Answer 6

Order effects for within-subject designs

Question 7

_______________ is a reduction in participant numbers
from pretest to posttest.

Answer 7

Attrition

Question 8

________________ is a statistical concept in which extremely
low or extremely high performance at
Time 1 is likely to be less extreme at
Time 2 (i.e., closer to average).

Answer 8

Regression

Question 9

________________ occurs when an external or “historical”
event affects most members of the
treatment group during treatment,
making it unclear if the change in the
DV was the result of the treatment or
the result of the historical factor

Answer 9

Historical threats

Question 10

_______________ is a change in behavior that emerges
spontaneously over time

Answer 10

Maturation

Question 11

_______________ is a type of order effect in which there is a
change in participants due to experiencing the
DV more than once

Answer 11

Testing

Question 12

_______________ occurs when a measuring instrument
changes over time
– Ex. Observer scoring may become
more or less strict with time

Answer 12

Instrumentation

Question 13

________________ is when an outside event or factor systematically affects
participants at one level of the IV

Answer 13

Selection-history threat

Question 14

________________ is when participants in only one experimental group
experience attrition

Answer 14

Selection-attrition threat

Question 15

______________ is bias caused by researchers’ expectations
influencing how they interpret the results

Answer 15

Observer bias

Question 16

________________ is when participants determine a research
study’s interests and change their behavior in
the expected direction, causing bias

Answer 16

Demand Characteristics

Question 17

______________ is when people receive a treatment and
improve, but only because they believe they
are receiving a valid or effective treatment

Answer 17

Placebo effect

Question 18

_______________ means we did not find evidence to
reject the null hypothesis (that there is
no difference between our groups)

Answer 18

Null results

Question 19

What are the 2 possible cause for null results?

Answer 19

1. Not enough difference
   between groups
2. Within-group variability
   obscured the group differences
3. No difference between
   groups

Question 20

_____________ is when the operationalization of the DV is not
sensitive enough to detect changes
due to the IV

Answer 20

Insensitive measures

Question 21

The _______________ is when the participants’ scores on the DV are
clustered at the high end

Answer 21

The ceiling effect

Question 22

The _______________ is when participants’ scores on the DV are
clustered at the low end

Answer 22

The floor effect

Question 23

_____________ is when the more variability there is within the
groups, the more the scores will overlap
between the groups, making it more difficult
to detect a difference

Answer 23

Individual differences

Question 24

_______________ is any kind of external distraction that could
cause variability within groups that obscures
between-groups differences

Answer 24

Situation noise

Question 25

_____________ is the likelihood that a study will yield a
statistically significant result when the IV
really has an effect

Answer 25

Power

Question 26

As the sample size increases, our precision
increases. True or false?

Answer 26

True

Question 27

______________ is a study design in which a researcher
wants to investigate how an IV
influences a DV, but they don’t have full
experimental control over the IV

Answer 27

Quasi-experiments

Question 28

An example of _________________ is studying the impact of smoking on lung cancer, and nudging people toward organ donation

Answer 28

Quasi-experiments

Question 29

What are the 4 benefits of quasi-experiments?

Answer 29

Real-world opportunities, External validity, Ethics, and Construct validity/Statistical validity

Question 30

_______________ occurs when all possible condition
orders are presented

Answer 30

Full counterbalancing

Question 31

_______________ occurs when only some of the
possible condition orders are used

Answer 31

Partial counterbalancing

Question 32

______________ is when participants are measured on the DV more
than once (after exposure to each level of
the IV).

Answer 32

Repeated-measures

Question 33

_______________ is when participants are exposed to all levels of the
IV at roughly the same time, and a single
preference is the DV

Answer 33

Concurrent-measures

Question 34

What are the cons of Pretest/posttest designs?

Answer 34

• expensive
• time consuming

Question 35

What are the pros of Pretest/posttest designs?

Answer 35

• can measure individual change over
  time
• best way to assess effectiveness

Question 36

What are the pros of only posttest designs?

Answer 36

-cheaper
-easier
-subjects wont drop out

Question 37

What are the cons of only posttest designs?

Answer 37

-need more subjects
-findings may be influenced by
individual differences (e.g., IQ)

Question 38

_____________ occurs when participants in one level of
the IV are systematically different than the
participants in the other level or levels of
the IV.

Answer 38

Selection effects

Question 39

______________ is when another variable varies
systematically along with the IV and
provides an alternative explanation for the
results

Answer 39

Design confounds

Question 40

Poorly designed experiments have
___________________ that reduce internal validity

Answer 40

Confounds

Question 41

____________ are any variable held constant

Answer 41

Control variables