Chapters 10,11, 12, and 13 Flashcards

1
Q

An ______________ is a study in which at least one variable is manipulated and another is measured

A

experiment

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2
Q

A _______________ is a variable in an experiment that a researcher controls, such as by assigning participants to its different levels (values)

A

manipulated variable

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3
Q

A _______________ is a variable in a study which levels are observed and recorded

A

Measured Variable

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4
Q

_________________ is when another variable varies systematically
along with the IV and provides an alternative
explanation for the results

A

Design confounds

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5
Q

________________ is when participants in one level of the IV are
systematically different than the participants
in another level(s) of the IV.

A

Selection effects

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6
Q

______________ is when exposure to one condition affects
experience to other conditions

A

Order effects for within-subject designs

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7
Q

_______________ is a reduction in participant numbers
from pretest to posttest.

A

Attrition

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8
Q

________________ is a statistical concept in which extremely
low or extremely high performance at
Time 1 is likely to be less extreme at
Time 2 (i.e., closer to average).

A

Regression

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9
Q

________________ occurs when an external or “historical”
event affects most members of the
treatment group during treatment,
making it unclear if the change in the
DV was the result of the treatment or
the result of the historical factor

A

Historical threats

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10
Q

_______________ is a change in behavior that emerges
spontaneously over time

A

Maturation

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11
Q

_______________ is a type of order effect in which there is a
change in participants due to experiencing the
DV more than once

A

Testing

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12
Q

_______________ occurs when a measuring instrument
changes over time
– Ex. Observer scoring may become
more or less strict with time

A

Instrumentation

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13
Q

________________ is when an outside event or factor systematically affects
participants at one level of the IV

A

Selection-history threat

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14
Q

________________ is when participants in only one experimental group
experience attrition

A

Selection-attrition threat

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15
Q

______________ is bias caused by researchers’ expectations
influencing how they interpret the results

A

Observer bias

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16
Q

________________ is when participants determine a research
study’s interests and change their behavior in
the expected direction, causing bias

A

Demand Characteristics

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17
Q

______________ is when people receive a treatment and
improve, but only because they believe they
are receiving a valid or effective treatment

A

Placebo effect

18
Q

_______________ means we did not find evidence to
reject the null hypothesis (that there is
no difference between our groups)

A

Null results

19
Q

What are the 2 possible cause for null results?

A
  1. Not enough difference
    between groups
  2. Within-group variability
    obscured the group differences
  3. No difference between
    groups
20
Q

_____________ is when the operationalization of the DV is not
sensitive enough to detect changes
due to the IV

A

Insensitive measures

21
Q

The _______________ is when the participants’ scores on the DV are
clustered at the high end

A

The ceiling effect

22
Q

The _______________ is when participants’ scores on the DV are
clustered at the low end

A

The floor effect

23
Q

_____________ is when the more variability there is within the
groups, the more the scores will overlap
between the groups, making it more difficult
to detect a difference

A

Individual differences

24
Q

_______________ is any kind of external distraction that could
cause variability within groups that obscures
between-groups differences

A

Situation noise

25
_____________ is the likelihood that a study will yield a statistically significant result when the IV really has an effect
Power
26
As the sample size increases, our precision increases. True or false?
True
27
______________ is a study design in which a researcher wants to investigate how an IV influences a DV, but they don’t have full experimental control over the IV
Quasi-experiments
28
An example of _________________ is studying the impact of smoking on lung cancer, and nudging people toward organ donation
Quasi-experiments
29
What are the 4 benefits of quasi-experiments?
Real-world opportunities, External validity, Ethics, and Construct validity/Statistical validity
30
_______________ occurs when all possible condition orders are presented
Full counterbalancing
31
_______________ occurs when only some of the possible condition orders are used
Partial counterbalancing
32
______________ is when participants are measured on the DV more than once (after exposure to each level of the IV).
Repeated-measures
33
_______________ is when participants are exposed to all levels of the IV at roughly the same time, and a single preference is the DV
Concurrent-measures
34
What are the cons of Pretest/posttest designs?
- expensive - time consuming
35
What are the pros of Pretest/posttest designs?
- can measure individual change over time - best way to assess effectiveness
36
What are the pros of only posttest designs?
-cheaper -easier -subjects wont drop out
37
What are the cons of only posttest designs?
-need more subjects -findings may be influenced by individual differences (e.g., IQ)
38
_____________ occurs when participants in one level of the IV are systematically different than the participants in the other level or levels of the IV.
Selection effects
39
______________ is when another variable varies systematically along with the IV and provides an alternative explanation for the results
Design confounds
40
Poorly designed experiments have ___________________ that reduce internal validity
Confounds
41
____________ are any variable held constant
Control variables