Chapters 10,11, 12, and 13 Flashcards
An ______________ is a study in which at least one variable is manipulated and another is measured
experiment
A _______________ is a variable in an experiment that a researcher controls, such as by assigning participants to its different levels (values)
manipulated variable
A _______________ is a variable in a study which levels are observed and recorded
Measured Variable
_________________ is when another variable varies systematically
along with the IV and provides an alternative
explanation for the results
Design confounds
________________ is when participants in one level of the IV are
systematically different than the participants
in another level(s) of the IV.
Selection effects
______________ is when exposure to one condition affects
experience to other conditions
Order effects for within-subject designs
_______________ is a reduction in participant numbers
from pretest to posttest.
Attrition
________________ is a statistical concept in which extremely
low or extremely high performance at
Time 1 is likely to be less extreme at
Time 2 (i.e., closer to average).
Regression
________________ occurs when an external or “historical”
event affects most members of the
treatment group during treatment,
making it unclear if the change in the
DV was the result of the treatment or
the result of the historical factor
Historical threats
_______________ is a change in behavior that emerges
spontaneously over time
Maturation
_______________ is a type of order effect in which there is a
change in participants due to experiencing the
DV more than once
Testing
_______________ occurs when a measuring instrument
changes over time
– Ex. Observer scoring may become
more or less strict with time
Instrumentation
________________ is when an outside event or factor systematically affects
participants at one level of the IV
Selection-history threat
________________ is when participants in only one experimental group
experience attrition
Selection-attrition threat
______________ is bias caused by researchers’ expectations
influencing how they interpret the results
Observer bias
________________ is when participants determine a research
study’s interests and change their behavior in
the expected direction, causing bias
Demand Characteristics
______________ is when people receive a treatment and
improve, but only because they believe they
are receiving a valid or effective treatment
Placebo effect
_______________ means we did not find evidence to
reject the null hypothesis (that there is
no difference between our groups)
Null results
What are the 2 possible cause for null results?
- Not enough difference
between groups - Within-group variability
obscured the group differences - No difference between
groups
_____________ is when the operationalization of the DV is not
sensitive enough to detect changes
due to the IV
Insensitive measures
The _______________ is when the participants’ scores on the DV are
clustered at the high end
The ceiling effect
The _______________ is when participants’ scores on the DV are
clustered at the low end
The floor effect
_____________ is when the more variability there is within the
groups, the more the scores will overlap
between the groups, making it more difficult
to detect a difference
Individual differences
_______________ is any kind of external distraction that could
cause variability within groups that obscures
between-groups differences
Situation noise
_____________ is the likelihood that a study will yield a
statistically significant result when the IV
really has an effect
Power
As the sample size increases, our precision
increases. True or false?
True
______________ is a study design in which a researcher
wants to investigate how an IV
influences a DV, but they don’t have full
experimental control over the IV
Quasi-experiments
An example of _________________ is studying the impact of smoking on lung cancer, and nudging people toward organ donation
Quasi-experiments
What are the 4 benefits of quasi-experiments?
Real-world opportunities, External validity, Ethics, and Construct validity/Statistical validity
_______________ occurs when all possible condition
orders are presented
Full counterbalancing
_______________ occurs when only some of the
possible condition orders are used
Partial counterbalancing
______________ is when participants are measured on the DV more
than once (after exposure to each level of
the IV).
Repeated-measures
_______________ is when participants are exposed to all levels of the
IV at roughly the same time, and a single
preference is the DV
Concurrent-measures
What are the cons of Pretest/posttest designs?
- expensive
- time consuming
What are the pros of Pretest/posttest designs?
- can measure individual change over
time - best way to assess effectiveness
What are the pros of only posttest designs?
-cheaper
-easier
-subjects wont drop out
What are the cons of only posttest designs?
-need more subjects
-findings may be influenced by
individual differences (e.g., IQ)
_____________ occurs when participants in one level of
the IV are systematically different than the
participants in the other level or levels of
the IV.
Selection effects
______________ is when another variable varies
systematically along with the IV and
provides an alternative explanation for the
results
Design confounds
Poorly designed experiments have
___________________ that reduce internal validity
Confounds
____________ are any variable held constant
Control variables
