Chapter 6 and 8 exam Flashcards
__________________ are methods of asking people questions face-to-face,
on the phone, on written questionnaires, or online.
Surveys & Polls
The success and efficacy of surveys and polls are
predicated on their _________________.
Construct validity
“What do you think of this class?” is an example of what type of question?
Open ended
“They provide researchers with a lot of rich
information” is a pro of what type of question?
Open ended
What are the cons of open ended questions?
- Sorting through different responses can be hard and take a long time
- Researchers might limit the answers people can give
“Do you like this class so far? (Yes or No)” is an example of what type of question?
Forced-choice
“I liked this class” (provided with answers that are anchored by
strongly agree, agree, neutral, disagree, strongly disagree) is an example of what type of question?
Likert-scale
“Rate your professor on the level of
difficulty 1 [show up and pass] to 5 [hardest thing
I’ve ever done]” is an example of what type of question?
Semantic differential
_________________ are questions worded in such a way that they
influence responses
Leading questions
_________________ are questions that ask two questions at once
Double-barrelled questions
___________________ have low construct validity
Double-barrelled questions
A ________________________ is a question that contains negatively
phrased statements, making its wording
complicated or confusing and potentially
weakening construct validity
Negatively worded question
The _____________________________ in which questions are asked can
influence subsequent responses to later
questions
Order
__________________________ is a way of answering several questions in the
same way
Response sets (nondifferentiation)
_____________________ can weaken construct validity
Response sets (nondifferentiation)
_________________________ is a response set in which someone responds
“strongly agree” to many or all questions
Acquiescence (yea-saying)
______________________________ is a response set in which someone provides
responses from the middle of the scale or N/A
Fence sitting
_______________ is attempting to look better than we are
Faking good
_________________ is attempting to look worse than we are
Faking bad
______________________ is studies in which a researcher watches people
or animals and systematically records their
actions
Observational research
____________________________ is when when observers’ expectations influence their
interpretations of participants’ behaviors or the outcome of the research.
Observer bias
______________________________ is when observers change the behavior of the participants to match the observer’s
expectations
Observer effects
___________________ is when people change their behavior in some way
when they know that someone else is watching
them
Reactivity
________________________ are associations that involve exactly two variables
Bivariate correlations
___________________ and ______________________ are useful
when dealing with quantitative data
Correlations and scatter plots
________________ describes the strength of an
association
Effect size
An _______________________ is one or more extreme scores that lie far away from the
rest of the scores.
Outlier
Outliers are most influential when the sample is ________________
Small
___________________ is when there is not a full range of scores on
one of the variables in an association in a
correlational study
Restriction of range
Restriction of range can be fixed by ______________________________
Increasing sample size
_____________________ is when one in which the correlation coefficient
is zero (or close to zero), and the
relationship between two variables isn’t
a straight line
Curvilinear
A _________________ is when there is only an association present because of a third variable
Spurious association
