Chapter 3 and 4

Question 1

A _______________________ is something that changes or
varies, so it needs to have at least two levels
or values (but can have more).

Answer 1

Variable

Question 2

A ___________________ does NOT vary (remains the same)

Answer 2

Constant

Question 3

The following are examples of what?
– Symptoms on a depression scale
– How many items do participants remember on a
memory task (1-3, 4-8, 9+)
– Number of siblings someone has (0, 1, 2+)
– Program of study for undergraduate students
at Western (Psych, Bio, etc.)

Answer 3

Variables

Question 4

A __________________ variable is observed and
recorded.
– Ex. time to complete task

Answer 4

Measured

Question 5

A __________________________ variable is controlled.

Answer 5

Manipulated

Question 6

Some variables can only be measured—not
manipulated. What are some examples?

Answer 6

–Age, IQ, personality, etc.

Question 7

Some variables can be either manipulated
or measured. What are some examples?

Answer 7

– Education, nutrition, mood, etc.

Question 8

____________________ are the name of the concept being
studied; they are abstract, theoretical
concepts

Answer 8

Constructs

Question 9

__________________ are how the construct is measured or
manipulated in an actual study

Answer 9

Operational definitions

Question 10

_____________________ claims describe a particular level or degree of a
single variable
Examples
– How many dog owners are in London?
– What percentage of people have
depression?

Answer 10

Frequency

Question 11

The following types of evidence…
– Averages
– Percentages
– Ranges
Are examples of what type of data?

Answer 11

Descriptive data

Question 12

______________________ claims argue that one level of a variable is likely to
be associated with a particular level of
another variable

Answer 12

Associational

Question 13

__________________________ means that as one variable changes, the other tends to
change too

Answer 13

Correlational

Question 14

The stronger the _____________________, the more
accurate the ____________________

Answer 14

Association, prediction

Question 15

___________________ emphasize the distinction between correlation and causation

Answer 15

Associational claims

Question 16

_______________________ claims argue that one variable causes changes
in the level of another variable.

Answer 16

Casual

Question 17

__________________________ is the measured factor

Answer 17

Dependent variable (DV)

Question 18

________________________________ is manipulated or variable factor with levels

Answer 18

Independent variable (IV)

Question 19

____________________________ is the method of assigning participants to
levels of the independent variable such
that each group is as similar as possible

Answer 19

Random assignment

Question 20

___________________ is the appropriateness of a conclusion or
decision

Answer 20

Research validity

Question 21

_____________________ is how well the variables in a study were
measured or manipulated

Answer 21

Construct validity

Question 22

______________________ is when in a relationship between one variable (A)
and another (B), the extent to which A,
rather than another variable, is responsible
for changes to B

Answer 22

Internal validity

Question 23

_________________________ is the extent to which the results of a study
generalize to some larger population, and
other times/situations

Answer 23

External validity

Question 24

__________________________ is how well the numbers support the claim

Answer 24

Statistical validity

Question 25

____________________ is when the variables related to
each other?
E.g. If one changes, does the other change?

Answer 25

Covariance

Question 26

_________________________ is when one variable comes
before the other variable in time

Answer 26

Temporal precedence

Question 27

__________________________ is when you lie to participants

Answer 27

Commission

Question 28

____________________ is when you withhold study details

Answer 28

Omission

Question 29

_______________________ is when researchers invent data that fit their
hypotheses

Answer 29

Data fabrication

Question 30

____________________ is when researchers selectively delete
observations or influence participants
to act in a particular way

Answer 30

Data falsification