hypothalamus, sleep

Question 1

Hypothalamus: What are some areas that aren’t protected by the BBB?

Answer 1

area postreama and the OVLT (organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis, which senses changes in osmolarity).

Question 2

What nucleus makes ADH?

Answer 2

supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus

Question 3

What makes oxytocin?

Answer 3

the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus

Question 4

What should I know about release of ADH and oxytocin?

Answer 4

Although both are made by the hypothalamus, ADH and oxytocin are stored and released by the posterior pituitary

Question 5

Lateral area of the hypothalamus: what does it do and pathology? Important hormonal input?

Answer 5

lateral area mediates hunger. If it is destroyed, we see anorexia or failure to thrive.
It is inhibited by leptin (which is why leptin helps make mice skinny)
(“if you zap your lateral nucleus, you shrink laterally”)

Question 6

What does the ventromedial area of the hypothalamus do?

Answer 6

satiety. If it is destroyed, as by a craniophayngioma, pt will have hyperphagia. the ventromedial area is STIMULATED by leptin

Question 7

What does the anterior hypothalamus do?

Answer 7

cooling and pArasympathetics (A/C= anterior cooling)

Question 8

What does the posterior hyothalamus do?

Answer 8

heating and sympathetics:

Question 9

What does the suprachiasmotic nucleus do?

Answer 9

circadian rhythm control

Question 10

How is melatonin release controlled?

Answer 10

the suprachiasmatic nucleus causes NE release. NE acts on the pineal gland to promote melatonin release.

Question 11

What hormones are controlled via Circadian rhythms>

Answer 11

ACTH, prolactin, melatonin, norepinephrine

Question 12

What controls extraocular eye movements during REM sleep?

Answer 12

PPRF (paramedian pontine reticular formation/conjugate gaze center)

Question 13

What are some drugs that cause changes in REM sleep?

Answer 13

alcohol, benzodiazepines, and barbiturates are associated with decreased REM sleep and delta wave sleep
norepinephrine also decreases REM sleep

Question 14

How can you treat bedwetting?

Answer 14

oral desmopressin acetate, which mimics ADH and keeps water in the body

Question 15

What is a drug that can be used for night terrors and sweating?

Answer 15

benzodiazepines

Question 16

What are the Stages of sleep? Significant events in early sleep?

Answer 16

awake with eyes open, awake with eyes closed, non-REM sleep stages 1,2, and 3, and then REM sleep.
bruxism (teeth grinding) occurs in stage 2 non-REM sleep
sleepwalking, night terrors, and bedwetting occur in stage 3 sleep.

Question 17

What happens during REM sleep?

Answer 17

loss of motor tone, increased O2 us, and variable pulse and BP. dreaming and clitoral/penile tumescence occur. may serve a memory processing function.

Question 18

What is the ECG waveform during each stage of sleep?

Answer 18

awake: beta (high freq, low amplitude)
awake, eyes closed: alpha
stage 1 NREM: theta
Stage 2: Sleep spindles and K complexes (K complex is like on medium spike)
stage 3: delta: low freq, highest amplitude
REM sleep: beta again (high freq, low amplitude)
BATS Drink Blood

Question 19

What is the direct relationship of the hypothalamus to the pituitary?

Answer 19

posterior pituitary/ neurohypophysis receives hypothalamic axonal projections from the supraoptic (ADH) and paraventricular (oxytocin)nuclei.