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Neurology > Hypothalamus - Everything > Flashcards

Hypothalamus - Everything Flashcards

1
Q

Posterior Nucleus; function & loc

A

Sympathetic output (fight or flight)
Thermogenesis
(posterior region)

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2
Q

Tuberomammillary nucleus; function & loc

A

Histamine sys - Promoting Wakefullness

posterior region

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3
Q

Fornix

A

memory consolidation
projects form hippocampus to mammillary bodies
(Posterior region of hypothalamus)

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4
Q

Mammillary body; function

A

memory consolidation

posterior region

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5
Q

Lateral Hypothalamus; function

A

feeding center
orexin sys - promoting wakefulness & appetite
(posterior region)

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6
Q

Posterior Nucleus lesion

A

Horner’s syndrome (myosis=constriction, anhidrosis, ptosis)

Poikilothermia

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7
Q

Tuberomammillary Nuc lesion

A

hypersomnia - sleepiness

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8
Q

Mammillary body lesion

A

anterograde amnesia

confabulation

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9
Q

Lateral hypothalamus lesion

A

anorexia

narcolepsy

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10
Q

Posterior Region - consists of;

A

Posterior nucleus
Tuberomammillary nuc
Mammillary body
Lateral hypothalamus

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11
Q

Tuberal Region - consists of;

A

Lateral Hypothalamus
Ventromedial nuc
Arcuate nuc
Dorsomedial nuc

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12
Q

Ventromedial nuc; function

A

satiety center
contains leptin-sensitive neurons
(tuberal region)

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13
Q

Ventromedial nuc; lesion

A

hyperphagia & obesity

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14
Q

leptin

A

increase conc in ventromedial nuc -> cessation of eating

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15
Q

Dorsomedial nuc; function

A

feeding & body weight regulation
may serve as relay center of energy homeostasis
lesion: feeding & body wt dysfunction
(tuberal region)

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16
Q

Dorsomedial nuc; lesion

A

feeding & body wt dysfunction

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17
Q

Arcuate nuclesu; function

A

Secretion of hypophyseal hormones
Feeding behavior (orexigenic & anoretic neurons)
(tuberal region)

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18
Q

Hypophyseal hormones

A

Controlled by Arcuate nuc
Released into median eminence to act on the Anterior Pituitary

  • Tuberoinfundibular dopamine (TIDA) - release dopamine -> inhib prolactin
  • Growth Hormone-releasing neurones (GHRH) - release GHRH -> inc secretion of GH
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19
Q

Orexigenic GABA/NPY/AgRP neurons

A

of the Arcuate Nuc (tuberal region)
Project into Lateral Hypothalamus
Promote feeding
Ghrelin (from stomach) promotes these neurons

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20
Q

Anoretic POMC/CART neurons

A

of Arcuate nuc (tuberal region)
Project into Lateral hypothalamus
Inhibits feeding
Leptin (from adipocytes) promotes inhibition

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21
Q

Leptin

A

secreted by adipocytes; reflects body fat stores
nutrient abudance; leptin increased -> dec appitite, inc energy expenditure
nutrient insufficiency; leptin decreased -> inc appetite & energy conservation
+ for POMC/CART
- for GABA/etc

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22
Q

Ghrelin

A

produced by stomach
stimulates eating
+ for GABA/etc

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23
Q

zones of the median eminence

A

internal zone - contains axons of magnocellular neurosec neurons of supraoptic nuc and paraventricular nuc that project into post pituitary
external zone - hypothalamo-pituitary portal system, nerve endings of neuroendocrine neurons (that control hormonal sec of the ant pituitary gland)

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24
Q

Types of neurons that project to the external zone of the median eminence

A 
dopamine
growth hormone releasing hormone
somatostatin 
gonadotropin-releasing hormone
corticotropin-releasing hormon
thyrotropin-releasing hormone
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25
Q

Arcuate nucleus; lesion

A

neuroendocrine and feeding dysfunction

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26
Q

Dorsomedial nucleus; function

A

control feeding & body wt

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27
Q

Dorsomedial nucleus; lesion

A

feeding & wt dysfunction

28
Q

Anterior supraoptic region; consists of

A 
Anterior nuc
Suprachiasmatic nuc
Paraventricular nuc
Supraoptic nuc
Lateral hypothalamus
29
Q

Anterior nuc; function

A

control of Parasymp
Thermoregulation (dissapation of heat)
(ant supraoptic region)

30
Q

Anterior nuc; lesion

A

deficit in parasymp function
hyperthermia
(ant supraoptic region)

31
Q

Suprachiasmatic nuc; function

A

Circadian rhythms
(bio clock & modulates pineal gland function)
(ant supraoptic region)

32
Q

how does the suprachiasmatic nuc control circadian rhythms?

A

receives light info from retinal ganglion cells
via; Retinohypothalamic tract

info relayed via desc symp fibers from hypothal -> intermediolat nuc -> sup cervical ganglia -> pineal gland

Inhibits prod of Melatonin during day
(melatonin = sleep-promoting hormone)

33
Q

Suprachiasmatic nuc; lesion

A 
disturb cyclic variations of body functions
blood pressure
hormone levels
body temp 
sleep & wakefulness
34
Q

Paraventricular nuc; function

A 
water retention (vasopressin secreting)
milk letdown, uterine contraction (oxytocin secreting)
control ant pituitary function (ACTH, TSH)
35
Q

milk letdown & water retention

A

paraventricular nuc
magnocellular neurosec neurons project to Posterior Pituitary;
release Oxytocin or Vasporessin (ADH) in to general circulation

Vasopressin - inc water perm in collecting duct, activated by inc in osmolarity, circ levels of angiotensin, dec BP, hypovolemia

Oxytocin - stim of nipple -spinal pathways->hypothalamus = act of these neurons -> Oxytocin release => contraction of myoepithelial cells

36
Q

paraventricular nuc; control of Ant Pituitary function

A

parvocellular neurosec neurons project to the median eminence/portal sys to control ant pituitary function;

Corticotropin-RH N - enhance adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Thyrotropin-RH N - enhance thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) release

Somatostatin-R N - inhibit growth hormone secretion

37
Q

Supraoptic nuc; function

A

water retention
milk letdown
uterine mm contraction
(ant supraoptic region)

38
Q

Supraoptic nuc - how it works

A

paraventricular nuc
magnocellular neurosec neurons project to Posterior Pituitary;
release Oxytocin or Vasporessin (ADH) in to general circulation

  • Just like the Paraventricular nuc (except doesn’t alter secretions of ACTH, TSH, or GH)
39
Q

Orexin

A 
orexen (hypocretin)
neuropeptide
regulator of sleep/wake states, feeding behav, reward process
deficiency = narcolepsy
* esp imp for maintenance of wakefulness
admin of orexin stimulates appetite
40
Q

Paraventricular nuc; lesion

A 
diabete insipidus (same as Supraoptic nuc)
endocrine deficits (unique to it)

(ant supraoptic region)

41
Q

Supraoptic nuc; lesion

A 
diabete insipidus (same as Paraventricular)
- drink drink pee pee

(ant supraoptic region)

42
Q

Anterior Preoptic region; consists of

A

lateral preoptic nuc
medial preoptic nuc

of telencephalic orgiin, but functionally associated w/ hypothalamus

*only part that the lateral hypothalamus isn’t present

43
Q

nucleus basalis of Meyner

A

rich in cholinergic neurons w/ wide projections to neocortex
compromised in Alzheimer disease

located laterally to the Lateral preoptic nuc - the Substancia Inominata (in the Ant preoptic region)

44
Q

Lateral preoptic nuc; function

A

Inhibits wakefulness
promotes non-REM sleep

(ant preoptic region)

45
Q

Lateral preoptic nuc; lesion

A

hyposomnia

46
Q

Lateral preoptic nuc; mechanism

A

GABAergic neurons in ventrolat preoptic inhibit wake-promoting;

Orexinergic neurons - lateral hypothalamus
Histaminergic neurons - posterior hypothalamus
Cholinergic, Serotonergic, & Noradrenergic Neurons - brainstem
= control global brain activity & promote non-REM sleep

47
Q

Medial preoptic nuc; function

A

thermoregulation set point
release of gonadotrophic hormones (into med eminence) & sexual behavior

(ant preoptic region)

48
Q

Medial preoptic nuc; lesion

A

hyperthermia
amenorrhea & impotence

(ant preoptic region)

49
Q

body temp below the set-point

A

Medial Preoptic neurons activate Posterior hypothalamus (Symp)
= heat conservation via shivering and vasoconstriction

50
Q

body temp above the set-point

A

Medial Preoptic Nuc activate Anterior Hypothalamic nuc

= sweating and vasodilation (Para)

51
Q

Fever

A

set-point to a higher temp

triggered by pyrogens (cytokines) -> PGE2 (prostaglandin) -> act on Medial Proptic neurons to reset the set-point to a higher temp
Aspirin works by inhibiting the enzyme cyclooxygenase involved in prod of PGE2

52
Q

Stria terminalis

A

connects reciprocally the hypothalamus and amygdala

53
Q

hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system

A

system where factorsl controlling the hormonal secretion of the Anterior Pituitary gland are released and reach their target via a portal venous system

54
Q

supraoptico-hypophyseal tract

A

contains axons from the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei projecting to the posterior pituitary gland

55
Q

retinohypothalamic tract

A

carries light info from retinal ganglion cells to the Suprachiasmatic nuc

56
Q

dorsal longitudinal fasiculus

A
  1. contains afferent hypothalamic fibers - carring visceral and tast sens; relayed to the hypoth via the solitary and parabrachial nuc
    2 contains efferent hypoth fibers innervating; preganglionic parasym neurons, pregang symp neurons in spinal cord, autonomic reg centers in medulla, periaqueductal gray (pain modulation)
57
Q

hypophyseal portal system links;

A

the hypothalamus and pituitary gland

allows endocrine signalling between the two structures

58
Q

arteris of pituitary gland

A

superior and inferior hypophyseal arteries

59
Q

superior hypophyseal artery

A

forms a capillary plexus, primary portal plexus, that penetrates the median eminence and infundibulum
primary portal plexus drains via long portal veins to the secondary portal plexus in the ant pituitary

60
Q

inferior hypophyseal artery

A

forms capillary network within the posterior pituitary

venous drainage via hypophyseal veins

61
Q

nuclei of Neuroendocrin control

A

paraventricular
supraoptic
arcuate
medial preoptic

62
Q

nuclei of Weight Control, Feeding, Drinking

A

ventromedial
lateral hyp
arcuate
dorsomedial

63
Q

nuclei of Temp Reg and Fever

A

medial preoptic
posterior
anterior

64
Q

nuclei of Osmoreg, Water Balance, BP, B volume

A 
posterior
anterior
paraventricular
supraoptic
CVO's
65
Q

nuclei of Reproductive function

A

paraventricular
supraoptic
medial preoptic

66
Q

nuclei of Sleep/Wake cycle

A

suprachiasmatic
tuberomammillary
ventrolateral preoptic nuc

Neurology (11 decks)

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